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Ways which people affect others’ thoughts There are many ways through which people affect others’ thoughts and behaviors. In this paper, I have used group dynamics as the case study of the social influence research. In most cases people tend to persuade others into acting and thinking similarly within the...
Introduction Psychoanalysis has been used since its inception to explain various aspects of psychology. Psychoanalysis is a field that advances the theory that humans are affected by certain unconscious aspects of reality. The theory was originally advanced by Sigmund Feud. According to him these aspects which are unconscious have a...
Case Study on Miss K, Personality Analysis The presented in the article called Character and Neurosis Revisited – the Case of Miss K reveals a story of a girl who experiences neurotic disorders disguised by character problems (Beal, 1968). The point is that it was hard to differentiate between them...
Introduction In the US, abortion was formally legalized in 1973. Despite this legalization, the abortion debate continues to elicit vigorous emotional, moral, and legal problems. An important element of abortion emphasizes the impact on the mental health of women (Bazelon 45). The public debate on abortion in the US can...
Introduction The theories of consumer behavior stem from several premises. Although these theories vary, it can be stated that the main presupposition is that the consumer always attempts to act rationally, i.e. strives to extract the maximum benefit and usefulness out of a buying decision. It should be noted that...
The play has been very instrumental in children’s development for many centuries. The choice of the type of play has a great impact on the value the child gets from active involvement in the act (Landreth 6). Play is any structured activity that helps connect the children with the outside...
Introduction Psychology is defined as the study of human behaviors including the functions and processes of the mind in relation to the social and physical environment. Organizational psychologists specialize in facilitating effective group interaction by suggesting to them the best communication methods, how to channel their needs within the organization,...
Introduction Communication is a way of passing information from one place to another. It is a skill that is learned. Communication can be verbal or nonverbal. This means it can be learned in various ways (Association for Communication Administration, August 1995). Communication is defined as a person receiving from and...
No person can underrate the contribution of Sigmund Freud in the field of counseling and psychotherapy. In fact, his pioneering contributions could be considered the major founding blocks from which most of the counseling types and approaches were developed. However, many scholars have improved on the contributions which have resulted...
What is it about the cognitive model and cognitive-behavior therapy that you find most attractive as a behavioral health counselor? The cognitive-behavioral model aims to change thinking patterns of patients and manage negative attitudes and communication patterns. The aim of cognitive-behavioral therapy is to teach and elucidate a client how...
Introduction The work of family therapy with subjects undergoing acculturation has been described as being on the front row seat of the interaction between diversity and the family field. Families undergoing acculturation in the United States offer a unique and challenging experience to family therapy practitioners all over the country....
The cognitive theory was developed by Jean Piaget, a biologist, and psychologist. The theory is based on four stages of a child’s development which help physiologists to understand and evaluate the growth and maturity of a child. The theory consists of four stages: sensorimotor period (years 0–2); preoperational period (years...
Schizophrenia has been described as among the top causes of morbidity in both men and women. It has been said to be second in the factors leading to international terrorism, as well as a major of war. By definition, schizophrenia is a chronic severe brain disorder characterized by altered perception...
Introduction Psychologists have examined the growth of human beings from infancy to adulthood. They have focused on the aspects that contribute to personality traits, the way of living, and also mental development. Of keen interest are the effects of some stimuli of human development for example does genetics pre-program an...
Introduction Children with autism have difficulty communicating but only to those who do not know their complicated situation. Ordinary people who do not know autism think and believe the many myths surrounding autism. But these are myths that people with autism themselves would like to prove wrong. We lack understanding...
Introduction Over the past years war-related mental outcome have been given different names as combat neurosis, combat fatigue, shell shock, mental conflict, and mechanical impact exhaustion. Each name reflected a theoretical framework of the cause of psychological trauma (Shalev and others, 1996). The psychological diagnosis posttraumatic stress disorder appeared in...
parent relationships and individual differences in emotion regulation. Much has been said about the future development emotionally and psychologically with regards to levels of emotional bonding, as this theory relates in some way or another to a large number of specific and general theories in psychology. Attachment provides emotional and...
Sometimes people make decisions that are beyond their and their reasonable thinking. Instead, their thinking mostly depends on a particular situation or on other people’s experiences. That means that their principles and prejudice are based on subjective meaning, and therefore they don’t realize indeed to what consequences it might lead....
Abstract This research study aims to examine the importance of outdoor play on the development of children. The rationale behind this is that outdoor play enhances the process of learning, physical development, motor development, sociability, innovativeness, creativity, cooperative ability and many other aspects of the child’s development. A medium-sized center...
In the late 19th Century, Ivan Pavlov (the known Russian physiologist) released the term respondent conditioning (an amendment of the term stimulus-response reflex) when his assistant noticed dogs secrete gastric juice on seeing or smelling food. J. B. Watson applied Pavlov’s theory to human and animal psychology and suggested that...
Introduction There are different research methods like a case study, naturalistic observation, correlation research, survey research and experimental methods used for psychological research. Each method has its own merits and demerits. This paper makes a comparative study of two of the above methods, namely, case study method and survey research...
Introduction Psychology is the study of how people behave and their unconscious and conscious mental processes. It involves rational and emotional issues. The field of psychology serves an important role in education and health. Clinical psychology is the discipline that deals with treating individuals with mental disorders. Psychologists apply the...
As much as all human beings try to avoid conflicts, no one has ever succeeded in the effort. Conflicts seem to come up from all directions in life. This calls for a more practical solution to tackling the issue of conflicts. It calls for a method through which this inevitable...
Introduction There is an increase in the number of children being exposed to maltreatment, assault, and witnessing domestic and community violence. This exposure can have a number of deleterious and long-lasting effects on teenagers such as aggressive behavior, depression, anxiety, lower levels of social competence and self-esteem, poor academic performance,...
Individual behavior is a term that is used to refer to the pattern of the behaviors in reference to the individual thought and emotions which are so unique to each individual and the way this person will interact with other people will positively or negatively influence the situation. Individual behavior...
Misconceptions regarding seep and brain activity have prevailed since times immemorial. While most people tend to think that sleep is the period when the activity in the brain reduces or is minimal, research and study have proved otherwise. When a person is asleep, activity in the brain has been recorded...
Introduction Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a neurobiological disorder and has the potential to disturb the intellectual, social, and professional performance of the affected person. The most crucial aspect of the disorder is the persistent obsessions and compulsions which the child witnesses, hindering daily life. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an illness that affects...
Introduction Many grown-ups view children’s life as a life that is always happy, playful, joyous and free from any kind of stress. The parents, caretakers and adults in general view that children do not have jobs to keep and go to, bills to pay or families to run therefore they...
Abstract Psychology would not exist as a science without the disciplines of research and statistics. Research plays a very crucial role in the field of psychology because it is the medium through which various psychological theories are either proved or disproved Whatever knowledge about the brain and human behavior that...
People have always been concerned about knowledge and the way this knowledge can be obtained. In that sense, one of the main points of interest in knowledge is the truth and based on what means this truth can be reliable. In that context, as human senses were considered as part...
Attachment Freud’s major insights into the early experience, close relationships, and defensive mechanisms were preserved with Bowlby’s modern theory of attachment. The more modern view of the child’s tie to the mother, motivation, and development has replaced Freud’s opinions of dependency and drive reduction (Waters, 2005, p. 82). Attachment development...
DSM stands for Diagnostic and statistical Mansymptomsntal Disorders. This manual acts as a guide to many mental health professionals. They help to describe the problems of the patient after evaluation. DSM provides V-Axis evaluation, which relates to different aspect of disorder. The information is useful in the planning of treatment,...
This summary has been prepared on an APA Psychenet article entitled – “Beyond Cognition: Broadening the emotional base of motivational interviewing” (Wagner & Ingersoll, 2008, pp.191-206). Summary The article examines the beneficial and positive aspects of MI (motivational interviewing) as a viable therapy for clients having low self-esteem and motivation,...
The process of child development starts with infant-mother interrelation being the background of human inner world formation. Parenting or mothering is considered to be the process of a mother’s interaction with her children. This style of interaction covers various outcomes such as mother-infant relationships, behavioral problems and the prosocial behavior...
Introduction This paper would seek to examine an important branch or division of psychology; educational psychology. “The branch of psychology that specializes in understanding teaching and learning in educational settings (Santrock, 2001, p.6). It is a type of psychoanalysis which aids in the process of learning itself as the person...
Introduction Depression can be defined as a disorder of mood that affects the mind of an individual. The word depression can be used in other aspects such as economy, geology, and physiological depression. Depression is a very common psychological disorder that has been noted to be affecting the Childs overall...
Human cognitive development was described in several theories, and one of the major contemporary issues in developmental psychology is sociocultural influences on the progress of the human mind through the life span. The present paper addresses the social and cultural components of cognitive development. According to Lev Vygotsky, social interaction...
‘Child neglect’ or ‘child abuse’ is an ambiguous and all-encompassing term used to describe actions perpetrated by parents on children which are universally deemed harmful by society and as defined by law. Historically speaking, child neglect is a relatively new concept and its meaning is in a constant state of...
Introduction Gary and Martha (2004) define Cognitive development as the development of the ability to think and reason. Piaget’s theory focuses on how people think, that is, thought processes instead of on what they think (content). There are two processes used by children and adults to deal with new ideas;...
Autism Autism is a psychological and/or mental disorder that has been under study for several years now. Scientists, pharmaceutical companies, and physicians are working hand in hand to find out more about this disorder and discover possible treatments that will help the recognized autistic people and their families. To diagnose...
Introduction Spanking or striking children as a method to correct bad behaviour has been widely used by parents in many cultures as a primary means of discipline, particularly among younger children. Lately, though, this disciplinary technique has been the subject of criticism among experts who have adopted a philosophy of...
Abstract An eating disorder is characterized by a strong feeling of either eating or not eating which adversely affects the individual’s health both physically as well as mentally. These feelings can affect one’s daily activities such as relationships and emotional well being including attitude to work and this can extends...
Introduction Globally, there have been a considerable proportion of separation and divorce cases. Mostly undesirable, divorce and separation usually signify a breakdown of a serious or significant partnership; hence are a major life stressor to all members of the affected family; notably the children. Researches show a particularly stronger correlation...
The notion of «psychology» has both scientific and common sense. In the first case it is used to refer to relevant scientific discipline in the second – to describe the behavior or mental characteristics of individuals and groups. Therefore, to one degree or another, everyone is familiar with the «psychology»...
Introduction The paper looks into rise of Abraham Maslow to a famous American psychologist. Also the paper discuses Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs theory, and how the theory is applicable. Abraham with much help from his mentors and borrowing ideas from other psychologists did much research and wrote on...
Autism is a psychological and/or mental disorder that has been under study for several years now. Scientists, pharmaceutical companies, and physicians are working hand in hand to find out more about this disorder and discover possible treatments that will help the recognized autistic people and their families. To diagnose whether...
Introduction Effective people are the ones who are capable of producing an intended result or have a striking effect. They must be able to accomplish a task or purpose and function effectively. Individual character is a collection of habits that have a powerful role in their lives. Desire, skill, and...
Introduction The article discusses and analyzes the relationship of psychology with other disciplines and the various dilemmas surrounding it. The primary concern which the author tries to address in this article is whether the psychological domain is related to the psyche, the mind or the behavior of an individual. The...
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the psychiatric disorders affected children of all ages. Thus, many are misdiagnosed by practitioners who see unusual behavior, anxiety, and stress as possible symptoms of ADHD. Neither method is intended to be used as the sole means of assessment. In keeping with the...
Introduction Happiness in psychological terms that refers to the mental well-being, it consists of a cognitive element called life satisfaction, and two affective components, positive affect and negative affect. Happiness may be defined as a form of well-being, but the definition is not really helpful for those in search of...
Parents play the most important role in the healthy development and growth of their children. They have control over their children both emotionally as well as financially. The power or the strictness that parents have towards their children is often considered to have a positive impact. However, there are times...
Memory is the basis of mental activity which is also the process of memorization, preservation, and subsequent playback of the individuals’ experiences (Banbury, 12). Memory helps us to maintain what we already have studied or learned. Memory and its various options (photos, stories, and memories) are a form of existence...
Introduction Every day, people grow and develop even without them knowing it. Of course, this is more apparent over time. When one has not seen a childhood friend for years, he or she may noticed a lot of remarkable changes in that person and vice versa. Initially, it’s the physical...
Kids will never enjoy their childhood if playing is not incorporated in their daily activities. The most common perception of play is that it is a fun but rather frivolous activity. Many parents, the general public, and some teachers and administrators view play as a nice treat for children who...
Introduction As an essential part of personal growth, self-esteem covers the overall self-acceptance and comprehension of self-worth by an individual. More specifically, the concept of self-esteem implies the belief and conscious determination of special abilities, thus, it is described commonly as an individual’s assessment of their value and competence. The...
Introduction The relationship between the personality and intelligence of a person and their effectiveness and success in work is not a fully studied topic. Changes occurring in modern society continuously require a person to be able to find their place in a changing social situation. Nevertheless, the intellectual and personal...
Introduction Susan and Jack’s son, Edward has been growing stronger and bigger since birth. By the time Edward reached his third birthday, he is over twice as tall as he was at birth and nearly three times as heavy. A child’s body changes and grows in a predictable pattern. Physical...
Abstract Drug use has become more popular among adolescents between the ages of fourteen to seventeen years of age over the past ten years. Drug Abuse review of the last ten years of research on drug abuse shows that adolescent drug abuse rose sharply. If we can target the causes...
As a group forms, it goes through several defined stages that feature different dominant trends in intragroup relations, such as differentiation and integration. Within these stages, a group progresses from a collection of individuals to a cohesive team with a common goal. According to Wheelan (2009), the objective of group...
Motivation is one of the widely discussed and researched concepts. It has been explained through a number of theories, with each seeking to give a unique viewpoint to the reasons for action that provides purpose and direction to behavior. There are four early theories of motivation, namely Maslow’s Hierarchy of...
Similarities in conflict management Conflict refers to a perceived difference in interest, whereby one party (individual; or group) believes that if the other pursues its interest in the current context, then it will be disadvantaged. It arises when social entities, which may be individuals, groups, or organizations, interact as they...
Introduction This study presents a theoretical model that illustrates the correlation between self-esteem, negative behaviors, autonomy, and life satisfaction. Self-esteem is one of the most significant personal characteristics. This trait influences confidence and self-respect. Self-esteem demonstrates how individuals perceive themselves. High self-esteem implies a positive opinion about one’s abilities and...
Abstract Behavioral, traits, cognitive, psychoanalytic, and humanistic theories are important in psychology. Psychologists use them to explain people’s behavior and even their personalities. Thus, through them, one can understand why people behave in a unique manner when compared to others. Cognitive psychology involves studying people’s thinking process. Plato and René...
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyze the diverse nature of psychology as a discipline. The discipline of Psychology is perhaps more diverse than any other discipline. It has more than 50 divisions, which focus on different elements of psychology and human existence. The discipline of Psychology is...
Every day thousands of couples officially register their relationships by getting married. People are eager to create family units, give birth to children, and live happily for years. However, a phenomenon of divorce becomes as common as marriage in modern society. There are many assumptions regarding this tendency, one of...
Attention The concept of attention is a nightmare to the majority of scholars. It involves a number of psychological happenings, as well as, concentrating on one or a number of activities while disregarding the others. People can consciously allocate their attention to tasks. Attention facilitates the selection of the relevant...
In his talk, Dr. Moen spoke about the importance of open-mindedness, acknowledgment of own weaknesses, and truthful communication with patients. Through his professional experience, the doctor found out that the mere awareness of medical theories and well-developed practical skills are not enough to change the lives of patients for the...
Benefits of Self–managed Learning Self-managed learning is a type of learning that enables adults to take full control and responsibility for their learning. It requires individuals to identify ways through which they can acquire knowledge in different areas. Through self-managed learning, individuals set learning goals and ways of achieving them....
Several themes, patterns, and inter-relationships emerge upon reflection on the course readings and concepts on critical thinking and decision making. Critical thinking affects decision-making of any kind. Over the decades, scholars have agreed that critical thinking is especially beneficial in business and economics. Kahneman and Charan (2013) note that great...
Introduction Every human being is different in terms of personality, behaviors, and sociability. This fact explains why individuals tend to have diverse expectations in life, values, and practices. A proper understanding of people can result in positive relationships and support systems. This paper defines the term “personality” and outlines the...
Introduction Personality is defined as a dynamic system comprised of a set of characteristics possessed by a person. The said set is shaped by various psychological forces and influences an individual’s perception of reality as well as their emotions, behaviors, and cognition. As a subfield, personality theory has a long...
Cognitive, Language, and Literacy Development of the Infant After studying the chapter on the cognitive, language, and literacy development of infants it has come to my attention that environmental factors play a crucial role in helping to develop the cognitive skills of infants which help to facilitate proper development in...
Self-disclosure is the interaction process through which an individual may continuously divulge himself to another party. For instance, revealing things like goals, thoughts, beliefs, fears, feelings, and weaknesses to another part is part of self-disclosure (Levinson & Brown, 2011). I self-disclose regularity to my father and a college friend. That...
“Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge through experience which leads to an enduring change in behaviour.” (Huczynski & Buchanan, 2010) In normal situations, the learning process will affect the behavior of individuals in several different ways. This paper discusses some of these influences and their outcome by considering some...
Coined by Arnold Mitchell, the term VALS™ is a property of SRI International (Bhasin). This psychometric approach is used to forecast people’s values and attitudes based on their demographics and beliefs (“About VALS™”). According to the framework, eight types of VALS™ are identified: “innovators, thinkers, achievers, experiencers, believers, strivers, makers,...
A strapping relationship exists between personality and culture adopted in society. Culture, hereditary, and environment affect human behavior (Ferraro, 2007, p.56). An individual’s immediate environment influences the behavior adapted. Environment refers to all surrounding conditions. Elements of the environment, such as relatives, friends, and communication models, contribute to the development...
Introduction The study of the characteristics of child development is the area of psychology that provides for assessing various aspects, including cognitive, socio-emotional, and physical factors. Based on specific data, it is possible to analyze certain causal relationships and establish which criteria are key in the process of acquiring particular...
Discrimination and prejudice are forms of social behaviors that determine the quality of life and academic performance among college students. Experiences of prejudice turn out to be a serious stressor and a cause of mental health problems. The purpose of this research proposal is to identify the components of the...
As a problem addressed in this research proposal, human aggression and its prerequisites will be analyzed on the basis of available information from academic sources and findings presented in the public domain. The aim of this work is to determine whether the declared disorder can manifest itself as a result...
Introduction The opposition of nature and nurture and their respective roles in personality development has been at the center of scientific discussion for many years. Different theories justify the importance of each part of the debate; however, there is no clear answer to what determines an individual’s behavior and development:...
Abstract Personality is such a complicated subject that it evades a simple definition. There is no defined criterion for determining personality. Critics of personality theories argue that a person’s behavior cannot be the basis of determining personality type. However, there are several valid efforts at defining personality theories. One of...
Introduction Theorists such as Vygotsky and Whorf have tried to explore the effects of language on cognitive psychology. Similarly, they have tried to explore the significance of human thought on language. Consequently, numerous outcomes have been received with ranging views on their interpretation. Notably, most theorists believe that language plays...
Introduction Since its introduction by Festinger, the concept of cognitive dissonance has received widespread recognition in multiple fields that involve human behavior patterns. Eventually, the concept was applied to organizational studies, where it offered numerous benefits associated with improvements in employee motivation, engagement, and behavioral patterns. Leadership has become an...
Introduction Psychology theories had a great influence on modern society. They have been utilized to understand human behavior, as well as learn new behaviors. Moreover, these theories have been influential in helping parents, organizations, and governments, as well as psychologists, gain more information on human behavior. There are various types...
Introduction It is suggested that counter-attitudinal behaviors may lead to changes in the attitudes if no sufficient external justification is provided for these behaviors. In this paper, two theories about such a situation will be discussed. The first of them, the theory of cognitive dissonance, explains the changes in attitudes...
Abstract This paper investigates the ethical issues that characterize group therapy and personal therapy. It shows that both types of therapies have unique ethical challenges that affect counselor-client relationships. Evidences from this paper also show that confidentiality, informed consent, and dangerous group behaviors are some ethical issues that characterize group...
A Summary of CBFT’s Strengths and Weaknesses Cognitive behavioral family therapy (CBFT) is the most popular treatment modality among marriage and family therapists focusing on marital problems and problem behaviors within the family (Dattilio, 2010). CBFT focuses on thoughts and behaviors, particularly by looking at how the thoughts and behaviors...
Stages of development are very important in an individual’s life. However, childhood stages are important as compared to other stages given the fact that key societal norms and regulations are acquired in the early stages of development. The importance of a developmental stage is determined by cultural norms and standards...
Assessment of My Professional Needs My current professional needs include acquiring new competencies and skills that can support my career goals. My short term goal is to get a new job in a challenging environment or organization that can result in personal growth. My long-term goals include completing my MBA...
Introduction The recent years has seen an increase in competition among companies and organization. This has led to the need for businesses to ensure their performances to be able to survive the market. As such, there has also been the need for them to enhance motivation among their employees to...
My Example First of all, I would like to point out that experiential hospitality is one of the key issues, which people are to think about while communicating with each other. In other words, experiential hospitality allows people to build warm relationships and create meaningful experiences. Of course, there is...
DSM IV-TR Category Definition: From text or other source Classification Schizophrenia It involves severe behavioral complications that usually affect the normal functioning of an individual. Positive Schizophrenia. There exist pathological excesses that may include distortion of normal behavior. Negative Schizophrenia. The condition is characterized by the absence of specific behavior....
Theme and objective: To illustrate how the representation of objects affect peoples thinking by altering their states of mind. Relevance of the topic Images have a very profound effect on the viewer’s mind frame. This is especially so if the person can relate to the object or event presented in the...
Introduction For this child observation study, I chose to identify and describe the developmental stage of a 20-month old girl, Christine. Christine has light brown hair, brown eyes, bowlegs, and an interestingly strong hesitance to crawl. When Christine smiled at me, I noticed she only had a pair of teeth...
Introduction The purpose of this project is to explore a psychoanalytic approach to personality. Psychoanalytic theory has been studied for several centuries and its influences have been felt in various disciplines, including clinical psychology, sociology, literature, and arts. Sigmund Freud is the proponent of this school of thought. Besides, Carl...
Introduction The development of children and adolescent is an important process, which is complex and different for diverse children. The development shapes a child’s daily life in the present and in the future as an adult. Enhancing good health in development of a child emotionally, physically and mentally cannot be...
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to explore the field of personality theories and factors that may influence the development of an individual’s personality. The elements of personality reflect individual variations in terms of feelings, behaviors, and thought processes. Personality helps one understand individual differences and functional aspects of...
Introduction Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) usually occurs after life threatening events in people’s lives. Such events might include combat in the military, assault, molestation, accidents and natural calamities. Different people have different ways of dealing with stress that they go through in their lives. Research statistics show that approximately 8.5%...
What Kind of Interaction Exists between the ‘Social’ and the ‘Cognitive’ in Social Cognitive Theory? According to the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), three factors determine the behavior change. The first is individual characteristics. A person changes only when they believe that they have the capability or self-efficacy to do so....
Brain-based Learning Brain-based learning is the process of learning based on the functioning and nature of the human brain (Fischer & Immordino-Yang, 2008). Such methods usually consider how different people learn at different ages and in different social, physical, and emotional environments. Teachers that use this system always use the...
Introduction Erick Erickson was one of the most renowned psychoanalysts whose works has been very influential in the field of psychologist. His most notable works was the social development theory which expounded further on earlier works written on the same field mainly by Sigmund Freud as well as the Ego...
Experiential learning is of paramount importance for a leader because in different companies and settings people may require different leadership approaches, so a leader has to know how to act in their particular company or setting. The action – observation – reflection model allows for enhancing the process of learning...
