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DSM IV-TR Category Definition: From text or other source Classification Schizophrenia It involves severe behavioral complications that usually affect the normal functioning of an individual. Positive Schizophrenia. There exist pathological excesses that may include distortion of normal behavior. Negative Schizophrenia. The condition is characterized by the absence of specific behavior....
Theme and objective: To illustrate how the representation of objects affect peoples thinking by altering their states of mind Relevance of the topic Images have a very profound effect on the viewer’s mind frame. This is especially so if the person can relate to the object or event presented in the...
Introduction For this child observation study, I chose to identify and describe the developmental stage of a 20-month old girl, Christine. Christine has light brown hair, brown eyes, bowlegs, and an interestingly strong hesitance to crawl. When Christine smiled at me, I noticed she only had a pair of teeth...
Introduction The purpose of this project is to explore a psychoanalytic approach to personality. Psychoanalytic theory has been studied for several centuries and its influences have been felt in various disciplines, including clinical psychology, sociology, literature, and arts. Sigmund Freud is the proponent of this school of thought. Besides, Carl...
Introduction The development of children and adolescent is an important process, which is complex and different for diverse children. The development shapes a child’s daily life in the present and in the future as an adult. Enhancing good health in development of a child emotionally, physically and mentally cannot be...
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to explore the field of personality theories and factors that may influence the development of an individual’s personality. The elements of personality reflect individual variations in terms of feelings, behaviors, and thought processes. Personality helps one understand individual differences and functional aspects of...
Introduction Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) usually occurs after life threatening events in people’s lives. Such events might include combat in the military, assault, molestation, accidents and natural calamities. Different people have different ways of dealing with stress that they go through in their lives. Research statistics show that approximately 8.5%...
What Kind of Interaction Exists between the ‘Social’ and the ‘Cognitive’ in Social Cognitive Theory? According to the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), three factors determine the behavior change. The first is individual characteristics. A person changes only when they believe that they have the capability or self-efficacy to do so....
Brain-based Learning Brain-based learning is the process of learning based on the functioning and nature of the human brain (Fischer & Immordino-Yang, 2008). Such methods usually consider how different people learn at different ages and in different social, physical, and emotional environments. Teachers that use this system always use the...
Introduction Erick Erickson was one of the most renowned psychoanalysts whose works has been very influential in the field of psychologist. His most notable works was the social development theory which expounded further on earlier works written on the same field mainly by Sigmund Freud as well as the Ego...
Experiential learning is of paramount importance for a leader because in different companies and settings people may require different leadership approaches, so a leader has to know how to act in their particular company or setting. The action – observation – reflection model allows for enhancing the process of learning...
Extant literature shows that Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a chromosomal condition that affects the male physical, psychosocial and cognitive capacities due to the presence of one or more supernumerary X chromosomes among the affected individuals. With an occurrence rate of 1:500 to 1:1000 live male births, affected persons exhibit a...
Introduction Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive both ones and other emotions. It enables one to use those emotions to understand and regulate them in both self and others (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). High emotional intelligence level enables a person to form meaningful relationships and lead to success...
Abstract Adolescence is the period of transition from pubescence to maturity. Many concerns impede the normal cognitive development of teenagers, which encompass alcohol and drug abuse. In the course of this phase of development, there are several biological, social, as well as environmental factors that can prompt a persistent desire...
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development indicates that children undergo four different stages of cognitive development. The four stages include the Sensorimotor stage, Pre-operational stage, Concrete operational stage, and the Formal operational stage. Cognitive development starts after birth, when the child starts experiencing sensations in the environment. During the Sensorimotor stage,...
The greatest minds of all times tried to understand human behavior. One of the main means of understanding this aspect is the consideration of the human behavior. The variety of approaches to human mind via the reflections in their behavior impresses. The inability of any of the representatives of psychological...
Ethical Codes In the practice of psychology, ethics of conduct may be considered one of the main components of professional competence. The ethical conduct implies the ability to show respect to diversity and dignity of patients, research participants, and other individuals with whom a psychologist interrelates in the professional context....
Tai’s new school has a policy that all students need to do at least 15 minutes of homework each week night. Explain and justify the steps from a Behaviour Modification approach that Tai would take to make sure his students do their homework and bring it back to school the...
Abstract Sibling- incest victims, CSA victims, and rape survivors have been unable to enjoy normal sexual functionality or keep their important relationships in their adulthood. Relationships and sexual activities in normal life play a very important role in the well-being of a person. For human beings to be able to...
Actions are very important and so is the obligation to act morally. Ethical decisions depend highly on an individual’s character. While bearing in mind that ends tend to justify the means, it is imperative to focus on the relationship between and among outcomes, principles, moral duties, and virtues as well...
Introduction The importance of play in child development cannot be overstated. In Australia, the play has been identified as a crucial methodology for learning for children. In light of the stated, there have been numerous researches done to determine the impact of the play. Through the said researches, it has...
Literature review The overall maintenance of health depends on the effective management of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. As a result, health practitioners and clinicians prescribe health intervention treatment to improve the quality of life. Thus, the need for effective health management facilitates the efficiency and productivity of health caregivers. As...
Are peers more important than parents during the process of development? Over the past years, a lot of discussions have been held concerning the influence of both parents and peers on the growth of youngsters. The research carried on this topic has often illustrated that both parents and peers influence...
Abstract This research paper discusses Structural Family Therapy in relation to its development, tenets, application and comparison to other methods. It was established that Minuchin was at the forefront of developing the approach due to the realization that human problems cannot be solved individualistically. Instead, they should be solved in...
Introduction The purpose of this essay is to examine basic concepts of environmental psychology. It covers the definition and an important influence or a milestone and the relevance of such a milestone in the field of environmental psychology. The field of environmental psychology has concentrated on human influences on the...
Introduction Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) belongs to a group of somatoform disorders or somatic symptom disorders (SSD) that manifest as medically unexplained physical symptoms. They are considered as psychiatric conditions since diagnostic tests return negative results. The chief complaints include localized or multisystem pain, neurological problems, and gastrointestinal ailments. Related...
Ethical decision making Counselors experience numerous cases of ethical dilemmas in the course of executing their duties. Consequently, they must possess effective, ethical decision-making skills (Daniels, 2004). According to Corey, Corey, and Callanan (2011), the development of a strong relationship between counselors and their clients is vital in improving the...
Introduction Middle childhood development takes place between the ages of 6-12 years. This stage is associated with fast cognitive development, and the children develop better social skills as they interact with people in their social circle. The children start developing new friendships in their new environments in school, and they...
Abstract The US toy industry has grown immensely over the years because of the high demand for learning toys. Learning toys are ubiquitous in schools and homes because of the assumption that they boost children’s cognitive development. The existing literature reveals a divisive stance on this presumption. The majority of...
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is an issue that affects Monica’s relationships and academic achievements. Dunsmore, Booker, and Ollendick (2013) state that the disease is characterized by behavior problems at school or at home, which was displayed in the case. Before suggesting any pharmacological intervention, it is necessary to assess additional...
Introduction Our group of thirteen members undertook the challenge of climbing Mount Everest. Reaching Mount Everest is very challenging, but we undertook the tour with the aim of bonding and strengthening personal ties amongst us. We had a wonderful experience that helped us learn a lot about each other. Apart...
Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by symptoms that include restlessness, hyperactivity, inattentiveness, impulsiveness, attention deficits, and uncontrollable behaviors (Kewley, 2001). It emerges during childhood and in many cases progresses to later stages of development. Other challenges that people with the disorder encounter...
Dr. David Wechsler was an employee of Bellevue Hospital as a psychologist. He established the Wechsler intelligence degrees and the outcomes of his research were printed in the year 1939. Wechsler built the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence scale on the basis of his observation that, tests for adults at the time were...
Abstract Organizations need to maintain a healthy working environment to motivate workers. This report seeks to analyze critically the monetary and non-monetary factors that motivate employees. To achieve this, the report uses Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s two-factor theory to study the impact of motivation on employee’s productivity. It...
Introduction Human behavior and personality are the focus of different studies. In psychology, these two entities can be viewed from a variety of different perspectives. For example, the scholars that study human personality using humanistic theories and those who follow the dispositional approach will emphasize different features of personality and...
Introduction Occupational stress and methods of managing stress in organizational environments are popular objects of empirical analysis. Much has been written and said about the role of occupational stress in organizations and their effects on the quality of employee performance. Occupational stress is one of the most serious problems in...
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is an anxiety-related condition whereby a person experiences involuntary or out-of-control thoughts that keep repeating themselves in such a person’s brain hence causing great anxiety. As a result, many such people resort to compulsive behaviors aimed at countering the anxious thoughts and thus inhibiting the anxiety (Hewlett,...
Since infancy, children begin to explore and comprehend the external world, and when they interact with new objects and phenomena, the cognitive aptitude commences developing. According to Piaget, the children pass through four basic stages of cognitive development, and the substantial transformation in child perception occur at each developmental stage...
Introduction When parents are divorcing, there is always the issue of the reaction of children to divorce; the concern is always on the growth and development of children, how healthy and happy children will grow in the absence of their two parents. According to research, most children experience short term...
Introduction Erik Erikson was a Germany psychologist whose work was heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud. In his theory of development, he examined aspects of identity, which include personal identity (unique characteristics, which distinguish an individual from other people), ego identity (self), and cultural/social identity (roles entitled to an individual). He...
Abstract Bipolar disorder is a mental issue that is accompanied by stress, anxiety and mood shifts. There are three main kinds of mood episodes helping to recognize this disorder. They include manic episodes, hypomanic episodes, and depressive episodes. The episodes vary in terms of the duration or severity. In addition,...
Introduction The concept of the self is an inclusive term that reflects how people perceive themselves. Hence, the self-concept is how a person thinks about and assesses himself or herself. One can only be aware of the self when he or she has understood the concept of the self. According...
Introduction In the early 20th century, psychologists focused primarily on behavioral psychology. However, this changed as they began to explore mental processes. Psychologists realized that the use of behavioral psychology to determine mental processes were inconsistent. Moreover, the utilization of scientific methods in psychology was advancing. Therefore, the shift from...
Introduction Explanations of the normal growth have been postulated by many theorists including Vygotsky, Erikson, Piaget and Kohberg, to help understand the way people attain cognitive development. Currently, there are many ongoing researches that are seeking to provide vital information about the nature of these developments. Growth and development in...
Introduction The purpose of this essay is to address primary elements of cross-cultural psychology. It shows the relationship between culture and psychology, the role of critical thinking and methodology applied in cross-cultural psychology. Several factors, particularly biological, contribute in shaping a person’s behaviors. However, experiences play critical roles in shaping...
Introduction The purpose of this essay is to examine basic elements of Clinical Psychology. It focuses on history and evolving nature of the discipline, the role of research and statistics and the difference between Clinical Psychology and other related disciplines. The major developments in Clinical Psychology were noted during the...
Introduction Evolution psychology has attempted to provide an important framework for explaining the origin and development of human behavior. Theorists and scholars in psychology and evolution have shown that the approach was likely to solve the historical absurdities affecting the origins of human behavior. By examining psychological traits of humans,...
Introduction ADHD misdiagnosis in children literally means there are mistakes in the diagnostic process conducted by the medical practitioner or other stakeholders involved, such as the teacher or the care provider. The literature states that the process of diagnosis should be conducted in at least two settings (i.e. at home...
Introduction The Viennese psychiatrist, Sigmund Freud, was one of the most influential figures of the 20th century in the fields of psychology and psychiatry. His psychoanalytic theory provided a comprehensive explanation of the functioning of the human mind, in particular, and human behavior in general. This theory made a significant...
Research question For decades, there have been arguments that television programs have negative effects on children. Many people believe that most television programs do not add value to their children. Consequently, many suppose that rather than watching television, children ought to focus on essential issues like studying, sports, and other...
Introduction Motivation is the process that begins with a psychological or physiological need that helps in activating behaviors that are directed towards the achievement of specific goals. Various theories are useful in explaining how employees are motivated and offer suggestions for how motivation in the workplace can be enhanced. This...
Perception, analysis, and performance – here are the three key elements of cognitive psychology. Which of them do you think is the most important? In fact, they all work in complex, but perception is a starting point for the other elements. One of the most convenient ways of understanding a...
Introduction Psychologists’ involvement in military interrogations is a significant issue that received national attention in the United States after the Hoffman report was made public in 2015. According to the report, many American psychologists have been involved in the so-called enhanced interrogation of detainees during the U.S. War on Terror...
Introduction While the physical effects of obesity on young people are widely discussed, the psychological aspect of this serious disease has not yet reached sufficient attention and level of analysis. Meanwhile, mental problems associated with obesity can lead to severe complications during the period of adulthood development. Thus, it is...
Abstract This paper is a comprehensive research on the developmental theory of personality specifically the attachment theory. Attachment theory is the common theory used in psychology especially when dealing with infant and mother relationship. This theory has played a critical role in the establishment of child care policies as well...
Abstract The development of children has been a topic of extensive research, and it has been found that educational establishments (such as nurseries and schools) are beneficial for children’s development at a very early age. In many countries, nurseries are regarded as an important step in children’s acquisition of motor...
Introduction The explosion of behavior changes on children has sparked a series of developmental theories to explain this controversy. The theories help in organizing and seeking meaning to the controversial topics. Should parents be allowed to punish their children physically if they want to? Different opinions emerge based on personal,...
Introduction The intensity of child abuse is highly dependent on the environment that the kid resides, which includes the home and the school. The vice takes different forms, and it can be sexual, physical, verbal, or emotional abuse. Children who are subject to any of the mentioned abuses exhibit redundancy...
Introduction As human beings, we are faced with many situations where we have to work in a group environment so as to achieve certain goals. A group is defined as a number of people who carry out various tasks together in a bid to achieve predetermined goals and objectives. Groups...
Introduction Mental and behavioural illnesses have had a long history of stigma, which has devastating effects on the lives of people with psychiatric disorders, their families, and those who care for them (Ben-Zeev et al.). Because of the stigma, and because of the adverse effects of mental and behavioural illnesses,...
Since cognitive dissonance theory was first proposed in 1957, psychologists have carried out number of studies to determine the relationship between human behavior and attitudes. They also aim at determining whether behavior has an impact on attitude change. The contradicting findings by Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith (1959) and those...
Deviant behavior is defined as a behavior that contradicts established social norms. However, from the perspective of different social theories related to deviant behavior, different deviant acts can be interpreted differently in different societies and in different countries. According to Macionis & Gerber (2006): Deviance is the recognized violation of...
Introduction Children normally form the most vulnerable group in each society. This is because of the fact that they are vulnerable to cases of maltreatment, sexual abuse, and even neglect given their tender ages, which make them dependent on the adults (Crosson-Tower, 2008). Child sexual abuse is among the common...
Abstract Anxiety disorders include the problems that have the characteristics of extreme fear, tenseness, and allied behavioral disruptions. Social anxiety disorder generates fear of social conditions where one foresees getting humiliated, judged, or abandoned. Panic disorder causes frequent unpredicted terror attacks, which occur as impulsive periods of deep fear that...
Introduction There is general agreement among members of the society that education is of great importance to the youth. However, some disagreements arise concerning which subjects should be taught in school. One subject that faces significant controversy is the inclusion of sex education in the curriculum of middle grade students....
Introduction Behavior is a way of communication of an individual, which describes much about their health and desires. Problem behavior refers to behaviors that the society or legal authorities perceive as a setback. All human behavior occurs in a context and serves a particular purpose (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007)....
Introduction Street harassment is a social issue that has gradually become a challenge in modern societies. The issue takes various forms, which comprise sexual, ethnic, and racial harassment. Whereas other forms of harassment are minimal, sexual harassment is the most pronounced form that several women experience as they engage in...
Introduction The family is the most important socialization institution in human society. It is the first relationship that is exposed to children. Having been brought up in Kuwait, I can attest that the role of the family in any society cannot be underrated, particularly the upbringing of children. The future...
Definitions Panopticon – this term underscores an architectural manifestation of the surveillance and power dynamics applied in any town or area where there was a plague infection. Jeremy Bentahm came up with the diagrammatic equivalent of this system of surveillance and discipline by sketching and annular tower surrounded by prison...
Introduction The main topic discussed in the given paper is autism spectrum disorder across the lifespan. The major purpose of the study is the investigation of various social and psychological implications of the disorder for both diagnosed and undiagnosed adults and children with autism, as well as their caregivers and...
Introduction Psychological anomaly is a branch of psychology that focuses on new ways of understanding and helping people with psychological disorders. In general, the behavior is considered abnormal when the reaction of a person or rather their emotional state deviates from the norm. It deals with the study of abnormal...
Introduction Any form of growth occurs in stages. Similarly, human development occurs in different stages from infancy through childhood to adulthood. Erik Erikson’s approach to life of an individual from infancy to adulthood is one of the most recognized theories of human development. The theory breaks down the life of...
Introduction The motivation is one of the most important problems in management. The firms should pay attention to the talents and personal qualities of their employees as well as to their needs. There are different theories of motivation. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs represents the systematization of human needs and motivating...
Language plays one of the central roles in human cognition. People perceive information with the help of language (both oral and written). In the era of information, language has become even more important. It is necessary to note that researchers started looking into the matter in the late 19th century....
Playing as it relates to children, families, and a description of how it relates to Family Engagement and why it is important Playing makes children active. It makes children engage their whole bodies and explore their surroundings with all senses (Rani and Vijayany, 2012). This shows that playing has a...
Introduction For a long time, the relationship between hormones and human behavior has been the focus of many psychologists (Swaab, 2004). However, this focus has only recently surfaced as an important analysis in the understanding of gender identity. This paper focuses on this issue by demonstrating how the interaction between...
Infancy refers to the period when a human being is aged between 1 and 12 months. Infancy is marked by rapid physical growth, which aids an infant’s new abilities. An infant is able to roll over, sit unaided at 6 months, and crawls or walks at age 12 months. At...
Bipolar disorder is a condition of the brain, which causes abnormal shifts in activities and moods. There are two types of bipolar disorders: bipolar I and bipolar II. The general symptoms of bipolar I (a single manic episode) include talking very fast, making loud speech, insomnia, substance abuse, hyperactive activity...
The concept of self is a widely studied discourse in modern psychology. The study of self is widely embraced in psychology discipline. Indeed, it has been an important part of development in the study of psychology. One of the compelling factors in the study of self concept has been long...
Social psychology is scientific discipline that seeks to understand and explain how individuals’ thoughts and feelings influence the way they imagine and relate to each other. Hence, the discipline scientifically scrutinizes psychological aspects that are measurable and observable in human beings (Brown, 2006). It is certain that social psychology deals...
Introduction Research methodologies are founded on fundamental concepts as keys to data interpretation. A research methodology portrays the utilization of key instruments and tools to reach a respondent, who can provide an answer to a particular identified phenomenon. Various methods have been used for study over the years, and every...
Introduction America has the highest divorce rate in the world and the current rates are the highest ever recorded in history. Nearly half of the children born in the 1980 experienced divorce or separation in America (Hetherington and Camara, 1984; Lamanna and Riedmann, 1985). Though divorce is more prevalent among...
Human Intellectual Development Jean Piaget studied intellectual growth of children and formulated intellectual development theory that describes the sequential mental development process during childhood. When children are born, they use their senses of touch to feel and understand the world up to the age of two years. As the children...
Introduction Communication refers to a two-way spoken or non-spoken process of sharing information, ideas, and feelings between individuals with the aim of developing a common understanding. The process of communicating with children takes place even before they are born. It continues until they become mature people who are able to...
Knowing what is wrong is not enough to stay away from making mistakes like lying, cheating, hurting, taking revenge, punishing, and offending. However, why do so many people pleasure themselves in taking revenge? Every single one of us is aware that doing this is wrong and bad, and it is...
Running head: Developmental Psychology This case study presents findings with regard to the development of an African American girl. Understanding the developmental processes and psychology associated with child development is crucial in elaborating the needs of children at different stages of life. Developmental psychology provides an explanation of the changes related...
In the year 1959, a behavioral scientist and management theorist by the name Frederick Herzberg, proposed a hygiene-motivator theory called the two factor theory. According to him, some job factors caused satisfaction while others caused dissatisfaction. He categorically based his theory on two factors; Hygiene factors and motivational factors. According...
After the First World War, there was a shift in organizational studies due to the effects that psychological studies and human resources had on organizations. The initiation of the change is known as the Hawthorne effect. The effect focused on the motivation of teams and groups to the achievement of...
Psychology is a field that involves the study of how the brain works and the causes of human behavior (Eysenck, 2000). The main goal of psychology is to understand the behaviors of individuals at different levels. A professional who practices in this field is known as a psychologist (Eysenck, 2000)....
Introduction Divorce has a significant impact on the lives of children who are still young and innocent. It introduces a drastic change in the lives of young children whose parents are splitting up, making them emotionally distressed. In many instances, when parents fight, children are caught in between, and they...
Hypnosis refers to the state of trance-formed experience and enhanced susceptibility. Under certain aspects, hypnotized people fall asleep. Nevertheless, some of the aspects of people’s behavior contradict the notion of hypnosis because people are often attentive to the hypnotist’s offerings, which can a be absurd and irrational. Despite their obedience...
Introduction Theories of personality have always been formulated to explain personality and the development of personality traits. These theories tend to focus on conceptions of personality which applies to everyone. Personality is characterized by patterns of behaviors, feelings as well as thoughts which make an individual unique. Among the theories...
Divorce has become a common occurrence in contemporary society. In the United States, for example, more than fifty percent of marriages end up in divorce (Huffman 1). The most worrying aspect of these divorces is the fact that most of the couples who divorce put their children in insurmountable problems...
According to one of the core concepts, traumatic experiences are inherently complex (NCTSN Core Curriculum on Childhood Trauma Task Force 2012). All the traumatic events usually involve varying traumatic experiences. In case of Amarika and her family, their traumatic experience was witnessing a life-threatening injury. Amarika’s mother, Makisha Lawrence, was...
