Introduction: Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The cognitive dissonance theory, introduced by Leon Festinger in 1957, is a psychological notion that elucidates the unease individuals feel when they harbor two or more conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes, particularly concerning their actions. As per the theory, this dissonance drives individuals to alleviate the incongruity and attain harmony. This is typically accomplished by altering one’s attitudes or beliefs, rationalizing the behavior by altering the contradictory cognition or diminishing the significance of the conflicting belief.
In the realm of how thoughts and actions interplay, cognitive dissonance theory proposes that when there’s a mismatch between a person’s beliefs and deeds, they’ll usually strive to harmonize their beliefs with their actions to alleviate the mental unease (Yahya and Sukmayadi). This can lead to a shift in their conduct or mindset, depending on which is more steadfast (Cooper). Using Jamal as a focal point, let’s delve into how cognitive dissonance theory could elucidate both why he might persist in smoking and also why he might cease smoking.
Applying Cognitive Dissonance Theory to Smoking Behavior
Continuing to Smoke
Jamal is aware that smoking is harmful to his health. This knowledge creates cognitive dissonance because his behavior (smoking) conflicts with his belief (that smoking is bad for his health). To resolve this dissonance, Jamal has several options.
Rationalization
He may attempt to downplay the hazards linked with smoking or accentuate the perks, like stress relief or social advantages. By doing so, he diminishes the significance of the health risks in his mind, making it easier for him to keep smoking without feeling much psychological discomfort.
Denial
Jamal might refuse to acknowledge the proof that smoking is harmful or may convince himself that he is less prone to its adverse effects than others. This denial allows him to uphold his smoking habit without experiencing a substantial conflict between his actions and beliefs.
Justification
He might reason that quitting is too challenging or that he can quit whenever he wants, but currently, it is not suitable. This justification assists him in aligning his conduct with his attitudes by presenting what seems to be logical reasons for persisting with smoking.
Quitting Smoking
Alternatively, cognitive dissonance theory can also explain why Jamal might decide to quit smoking.
Behavior Change
The conflict between Jamal’s awareness of the perils of smoking and his actions could become too disquieting for him to overlook. Consequently, he might opt to harmonize his conduct with his health-conscious principles by renouncing smoking.
Attitude Reinforcement
Jamal could encounter fresh insights or a personal ordeal, such as a health fright or the demise of a cherished one due to a smoking-related ailment, that amplifies his conviction about the hazards of smoking. This intensified belief could incite him to make a move and quit.
Social Support
If Jamal is encircled by non-smokers or individuals earnestly striving to kick the habit, their viewpoints and encouragement could sway him to alter his behavior to conform to the collective norm. The craving to blend in and evade social discordance may supply supplementary impetus for him to cease smoking.
Conclusion
In summary, cognitive dissonance theory presents a sturdy framework for comprehending why individuals may persist in behaviors that contradict their beliefs or opt to amend those behaviors. It underscores the role of mental unease as a trigger for change and offers insight into the intricate interplay between attitudes and behavior. In Jamal’s situation, whether he continues to smoke or chooses to kick the habit will hinge on how he resolves the dissonance between his awareness of the health hazards and his smoking routine. By adjusting his attitudes, rationalizing his behavior, or modifying his behavior to harmonize with his beliefs, Jamal will strive to lessen the cognitive dissonance he feels, ultimately leading to a decision that either perpetuates or breaks his smoking habit.
Works Cited
Cooper, Joel. “Cognitive dissonance: Where We’ve Been and Where We’re Going.” International Review of Social Psychology, vol. 32, no. 1, 2019, p. 7.
Yahya, Azizul Halim, and Vidi Sukmayadi. “A Review of Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Its Relevance to Current Social Issues.” MIMBAR: Jurnal Sosial Dan Pembangunan, vol. 36, no.2, 2020, pp. 480-488.