fMRI and Social Interaction Hyperscanning, which involves scanning the brains of two or more people at the same time, holds a lot of potential for understanding the neurological underpinnings of social cognitive functions. A study handled by Misaki et al. (2020) aims to examine the premise of using fMRI hyperscanning...
Introduction One of the most well-researched areas where the Pygmalion effect is manifested is education. It has been found that students achieve academic results consistent with their teachers’ expectations (Szumski and Karwowski 4). If a teacher has high expectations, the student performs much better compared to the one who receives...
Aging can cause both positive and negative emotions in people. Many are faced with harsh feelings that prevent them from leading a normal lifestyle. Psychology, especially positive psychology, can help cope with this problem. This work aims to study the difference between these sciences in order to better understand how...
Introduction Memory is the recollection of past or stored information and using it in the present. Individuals vary in the capacity of containing information in the brain, while some may possess short- or long-term memorization abilities. Some people have long memories while others suffer from memory failure, which needs practical...
The cognitive dissonance theory was developed by Elliot Aronson to describe the circumstances when a person is faced with two conflicting attitudes that undermine their self-esteem. Cognitive dissonance can also occur when an individual decides by choosing between two conflicting positions (Aronson et al., 2019). For example, in Season 1...
Introduction Creativity is a significant factor in today’s global world as it drives many social, psychological, and economic activities. Through creativity, people can communicate globally, realize their passions and identities create employment and solve medical issues. The rapid development of civilization and economic growth results from creative ideas and talents...
Mental health interventions mean allowing a person who requires support to obtain it in the way that is most appropriate for it. Mental health intervention is first to develop approaches that work for the population and then evaluate the effectiveness of treatment for people with different needs. Along with this...
Introduction Abraham Maslow is credited with research on the hierarchy of needs that contains five components: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. For human beings to attain their potential as outlined within Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, they must become interdisciplinary (Navy, 2020). Disciplines such as humanities, social sciences, natural sciences,...
Our minds merely cannot attend to two things at once. As a result of attention being a limited resource, selective attention helps us to filter irrelevant variables and concentrate on what matters. While watching the video by Simons (2010), the people dressed in white passed the basketball 15 times. However,...
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a diagnostic that is studies find more prevalent in war veterans than the rest of the general population. In their research on PTSD, Coleman et al. (2019) examine differences in symptoms in African American and Caucasian male veterans. The hypothesis of the paper was that...
Our brains are wired to learn about others quickly, and our perception skills improve from time to time. We prefer faces and emotional expressions over other visual patterns. So we use attention and high reasoning to synthesize information about others. Individuals quickly learn to distinguish between people and their feelings...
The phenomenon of structuralism had a rather brief time of dominating the realm of psychology, yet its influence has sent quite several ripples across the psychological practice. Although the framework is no longer applied, and the movement has effectively ceased to exist, it still produced a range of ideas crucial...
Introduction An impactful dream I had recently was an episode of sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis prevents the sleeper from moving during REM sleep but can happen when waking up (Coon et al., 2022). It also co-occurs with hypnopompic hallucinations that can be pretty confusing and frightening and suffocating (Suni &...
Researchers sometimes deceive participants in psychological research and experiments on methodological grounds. There are two main objections to methodological deception, related to the risk of causing psychological harm to research participants and violating their autonomy. In my opinion, methods of deception can be used in psychological research without causing significant...
The stigma surrounding mental health and illness affects people struggling with mental conditions. According to Mannarini and Rossi (2019), “many persons suffering from common mental disorders may not receive appropriate (therapeutic) social support due to the community’s lack of awareness” (p. 1). In turn, a historical understanding of how individuals...
Introduction The critical evaluation aims to discuss the aspects of methodology illustrated in two selected articles by establishing the relationship between the articles and the relevant material from the course. To be able to achieve this purpose, the evaluation shows the writer’s comprehension of the different research methodologies taught in...
Introduction Of all the types of psychotherapies, group psychotherapy has evolved over the years. This particular type of therapy is ideal for situations that for addressing problems that are associated with mental wellbeing. Group psychotherapy involves either one or more therapists who lead several patients with psychic issues. Generally, members...
Most people cannot imagine a day without living in society and completing their expected or imposed responsibilities. In the offered online brief TED Talk, the bystander effect is properly illustrated and discussed to prove the existing paradox of human nature (SoulPancake). Many specific concepts are associated with this phenomenon, including...
Introduction Psychology is a critical field of knowledge that is becoming more important in the modern world. It is a science studying the human mind, its functions, and factors affecting individuals’ behaviors in different contexts. It means that most theories existing in this field can be applied to various aspects...
Self-regulation is the ability to acknowledge that a decision is supposed to be made. Therefore, one takes time to apply critical thinking skills and evaluate the available alternatives before deciding. In other words, it allows one to assess their choices before making a final decision; therefore, it ensures that minimal...
Introduction Studying psychology can be fascinating because one can fully understand mental processes and human behavior. A deeper comprehension of human conditions is always a key objective for psychologists. However, the concepts taught in classes can also have an impact on the learner’s development as a person. The focus of...
Introduction Immigrants in any country in the world have always had a harder time adjusting to the conditions and circumstances of living than local residents. This is why it is essential to take a particularly thoughtful approach when working with them in therapy. It is necessary to be sensitive and...
Essential counseling micro-skills are skills the use of which the counselor makes their goal of helping the client attainable in terms of the approach to therapy. These skills assist in creating an atmosphere of trust and acceptance and facilitate the development of positive changes in the counseling process. In addition,...
It is not uncommon for therapists to get sexually attracted to their patients. According to American Psychological Association (APA, 2017), engaging in sexual relationships with current clients is unethical. Section 3.05 of the Code of Conduct for therapists states that multiple relationships with clients are allowed only as exceptional instances....
The principles of psychology are a set of mechanisms applied to individuals to understand neurophysiology and features of psychology. These principles visually assess an individual’s psychological state and cognitive abilities (thinking and learning). It is believed that the use of psychological principles in learning and behavior solves the problems associated...
Correction systems play a crucial role in preserving the stability and security of individuals in society by ensuring that lawbreakers understand their wrongdoing and deter further crimes. At the same time, prisons significantly impact the people within them, including inmates and employees. Both of those groups are at high risk...
The term conformity in popular psychology refers to the tendency of an individual to comply with an established set of standards or rules. It typically manifests itself in the instances of regular, expected behavior that matches the patterns exhibited by the majority of society. Interestingly, people are prone to perceive...
Virtue ethics is one of the three existing approaches to normative ethics that focuses on the development of an individual’s moral character. Virtue ethics suggest that following the path of morality and practicing virtuous habits such as honesty, bravery, and generosity cultivates an individual’s moral character. The character approach is...
The following aspects are relevant to the psychological models of addiction. Firstly, the fundamental indicators of demographic characteristics include gender, age, family, and education. The needs and problems of men and women, people of different ages differ significantly. The psychological profile is influenced by marital status, education, profession, and income...
Summary In the article entitled “The Kingdom of Dogs,” Adams (2020) offers a different perspective on Pavlov’s experiments with dogs that led to the discovery of classical conditioning. The author suggests that animals should be viewed not as passive research objects but as active subjects, possessing distinctive characters and developing...
Introduction Many personality theories are influenced by the biographies of their creators. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud are among the greatest psychoanalysts of the 20th century, who underlaid the basis of personality theories. This paper aims to analyze the interconnection between the theories of Freud and Jung and their environment....
The efficacy of asking questions has been proven by multiple researchers engaged in investigating the mechanisms of the human psyche. Proper questions help people explore much about themselves and the surrounding world. Many interrogative techniques have been offered to trace one’s development. Moreover, counselor services are growing in popularity since...
Granville Stanley Hall, who is frequently referred to as G. Stanley Hall, warrants mentioning among the fathers of American psychology in general and developmental psychology in particular. As a lecturer, he influenced a considerable range of other psychologists that are currently known as the leading ones. However, the main point...
As is the case in other social sciences, psychology heavily relies on statistical analysis and empirical research to ground its hypotheses and increase its scientifical value. In summarizing some of the most notable articles in the psychological research field, a writer is to take into account the statistical tools it...
Intelligence, as a concept, has become a topic for many debates providing ground for new ideas in psychology. The very notion of intelligence is a point of controversy as there are various definitions, and each of them focuses on different topics. Some researchers suggest that intelligence is a general ability...
Since ancient times, people have tried to capture the most critical moments in civilization’s development through various forms of creativity. Art has been used for dialogue between cultures and, as well as religion, to explain life and natural phenomena that defied scientific justification (Hauser, 2018). Different kinds of art, including...
Introduction Psychology is a scientific discipline that studies individuals’ minds and behavior, including other fields such as human development, health, cognitive process, and social behavior. It is believed to have existed in ancient Greece and Egypt and has been associated with philosophy but became an independent entity later. Psychology is...
Introduction In modern psychology, the forms of Therapy differ substantially in their strengths, weaknesses, and approaches to providing psychological services to marginalized people. This paper provides a comparative analysis of three of these types, namely Gestalt therapy, Person-centered Therapy, and Feminist Therapy. It accounts for the pros and cons of...
Systematized knowledge of the history of the subject Having received detailed information about the development of psychology and its formation as a full-fledged science, I have a more complete idea of the versatility of this discipline. Originating in ancient Greece as the science of the soul, psychology was initially perceived...
Introduction Literary theories developed throughout the 20th century are essential in scientific discussions regarding the evaluation of various writings, allowing for a thorough investigation of literary qualities present. The formalist approaches to this topic had a tremendous impact on the studies of literature and languages, highlighting the distinctiveness of works...
The War for Kindness makes a deep exploration of the element of empathy, how it manifests in society and its significance in improving human interactions across the globe. The book opens with a clear revelation of the circumstances through which empathy can materialize within societies. Jamil Zaki’s narration of his...
The source of human knowledge remains a debatable issue due to the existence of diverse philosophical arguments. The skepticism theory involves questioning the likelihood or certainty of acquaintance. According to Vaughn, people lack knowledge in fundamental ways and their beliefs are unfounded or false (276). Skeptics question the sufficiency or...
For a long time, IQ tests were considered objective and the only method for measuring intellectual development. However, some researchers rejected this approach, which led to the occurrence of more complex theories. For example, Gardner and Sternberg proposed focusing on intellectual abilities which might be applicable outside of an academic...
The article examines the clinical differences between bipolar disorder type I (BDI) and bipolar disorder type II (BDII) since the difficulty in choosing a correct diagnosis often leads to poorly treated patients. The study focuses explicitly on critical differentiating factors such as an illness course and developmental antecedents. The study’s...
Introduction According to the new shorter Oxford dictionary, coping is to contend successfully with (an opponent, difficulty situation, etc), to deal completely with one’s or situation (Thompson, 1993). Reflecting on this, it is a lay definition. This is sharply contrasted by a more elaborate definitions offered by academicians such as...
Introduction Psychology is a science and art that uses theories and concepts to understand and explain people’s behavior. It is a practical discipline that can be applied for personal and career development. Healthcare professionals see the need to integrate psychological concepts in assessments, treatment, and management of patients. To enhance...
Purpose In 2017, Goldberg conducted a thorough review of literature related to the link between counseling psychology and mindfulness and presented his analysis of the findings in the article, “Why Mindfulness Belongs in Counseling Psychology.” Counseling psychology is aimed at increasing individuals’ well-being in different ways. Many various discussions take...
Introduction The nexus between scientific methods and the discipline of psychology cannot be gainsaid. That the two phenomena are interrelated can be confirmed through several factual assertions by the principles of science and psychology. Precisely, psychology uses several scientific methods to explain the human behaviour and the evolution of the...
The theory of sociological imagination allows looking at familiar situations from a completely different angle. Thanks to the term developed by Wright Mills, social and everyday problems of an individual can be viewed not from the standpoint of a single subject, but the point of view of complex interconnections (“1.1B,”...
A fallacy is an argument that uses invalid and inaccurate premises in making a certain assertion. Fundamentally, fallacy emanates from poor reasoning that leads to inaccurate or invalid inferences. When making arguments, people often encounter fallacies, which distort the meaning and relevance of the said. Hence, for people to apply...
Most psychotherapy researchers focus exclusively on various clinical interventions but they fail to acknowledge psychotherapists who utilize their research findings. In most cases, these researchers do not find the relevance of the experiences, skills and personality of therapists. This essay describes some of the features that psychotherapy researchers should know...
Introduction It is human nature to investigate, analyze, and comment on the already developed theories and judgments. Nowadays, the idea of disposing myths turns out to be an interesting and provocative activity as it is a good chance to evaluate evidence and share new conclusions. In this paper, attention will...
In this paragraph, the word anxious is defined as a mental state characterized by feelings of disquiet, worry, uneasiness, and tension. Another definition of anxious can be derived from the state, which is causal to these feelings, i.e., anxiety. Since anxiety is “the mind and body’s reaction to stressful, dangerous,...
The pursuit of happiness and the pursuit of money have become synonymous in most modern societies, especially given the pervasive nature of capitalism. Materialism has become the guiding philosophy hinged on the assumption that more money is strongly correlated with increasing happiness. This perspective could be true when looked at...
Despite that psychology is a comparatively new science, its origin can be traced back to Socrates’s and Aristotle’s times. Primarily, the subject of psychology’s study is to investigate conscious and unconscious phenomena, behavior, and mental processes that occur in human beings, including their feeling and thoughts. Thus, this paper aims...
Introduction Falsifiability is a concept in philosophy that was introduced by Karl Popper in the 1930s as the touchstone for modern science. According to Stanovich (2010), the falsifiability criterion is a principle that states that a scientific theory should be stated in a way that any predictions that are made...
Introduction Whenever any psychological research is conducted, it is essential to uphold high standards of ethics. Most psychological schools and organizations have laid out codes of ethics to be followed in any psychological research; these must be followed for mutual understanding with the participants. Generally, in every research, consideration should...
Introduction The purpose of this essay is to address primary elements of cross-cultural psychology. It shows the relationship between culture and psychology, the role of critical thinking and methodology applied in cross-cultural psychology. Several factors, particularly biological, contribute in shaping a person’s behaviors. However, experiences play critical roles in shaping...