Introduction: Cognitive Dissonance Theory The cognitive dissonance theory, introduced by Leon Festinger in 1957, is a psychological notion that elucidates the unease individuals feel when they harbor two or more conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes, particularly concerning their actions. As per the theory, this dissonance drives individuals to alleviate the...
Introduction Face recognition refers to an individual’s cognitive ability to process, remember, and select an object (a person’s face). This tool of the thinking system belongs to the short-term memory and serves as an indicator of the development of the structure of memorization and processing of external signals (Rehnman &...
Introduction Acquiring cycling skills is one of a person’s essential capabilities. Often, this learning can occur in childhood as part of growing up when the child acquires a new skill. This is partly important because it allows people to experience locomotive autonomy, which can be crucial in perception. The beginning...
Introduction It is important to note that psychology research methods can significantly impact the results and findings. The given analysis will primarily focus on Thomas Holtgraves’ study, which was comprised of four experiments conducted in 2015. The emphasis is made on the methods where participants are engaged in self-reporting rather...
Abstract The following research paper discusses the Stroop Effect, one of the most frequently used tests in cognitive psychology. The literature review examines the different theoretical frameworks and approaches used to explain the observed effect, including the impact of age, difficulty, and personality factors on the effect. The study aims...
Introduction Research Topic In their article “How does emotion influence different creative performances? The mediating role of cognitive flexibility,” Lin et al. (2013) explore the role of cognitive flexibility in mediating how positive emotions enhance creative performance. The research topic sets the context for a more explicit research problem. Research...
The human ability to comprehend and transform information into knowledge is deeply rooted in cognition. Matlin and Farmer (2019, p.2) define cognition as a mental ability that involves the “acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge.” Through cognitive skills, human beings can create thoughts, recognize things and interpret them accordingly,...
Abstract The concept of taste as a form of perception is often overlooked, yet it represents a complex mechanism that is worth considering closer. Specifically, the nature of tasting can be represented as a combination of biological and psychological phenomena. Therefore, examining the subject matter as a biopsychological process will...
Strength of the Proposal The proposal seems to cover the topic of the influence of stress and anxiety on decision-making in a general sense. The main strength of the proposal is that it explores the major concepts behind the phenomenon, including heuristics, dual-system theory, and others. This exploration allows the...
Neuroanatomy Neuroanatomy encompasses the organization and structure of the nervous system. This field of study covers both microscopic and macroscopic anatomy (Schaffer, 2019). The nervous system is a sophisticated chain or network of nerves and cells that relay information from the brain to other body parts. This network comprises two...
Information processing theory is an approach to studying cognitive development, an experimental tradition in psychology. Developmental psychologists adhere to an information-processing perspective and consider mental development regarding changes during maturation in significant components of a child’s psyche (Wang & Baillargeon, 2006).The theory is based on the idea that people process...
Summary Psychology is involved with the study of behaviors, processes, and mental status. It influences the development of positive attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions. Psychologists usually assess patients to diagnose health conditions and their possible causes. They offer treatment through interventions such as psychotherapy and counseling. Therefore, most psychology theories are...
Summary The modality effect is to be understood as the improved cognitive ability to retain information in the sensory register as compared to the visual register for a small period of time, usually not exceeding a few seconds. When an individual hears some sequence or list, due to the modality...
Introduction ‘Cognitive elites’ are individuals possessing a high level of cognitive ability. Cognitive ability refers to an individual’s mental capacity to think, reason, remember, and make decisions and includes such abilities as intelligence and creativity. Cognitive elites possess extraordinary intellectual faculties compared to the general population, enabling them to advise...
Abstract The face recognition process in psychology is a highly prospective and relevant topic since many technologies are attempting to emulate this natural human ability. An examination of the literature reveals that eyebrows play a major role in the face as well as in the emotion recognition processes alongside the...
Though one may not always be aware of it, color permeates every aspect of the daily life of humans. Color is present in everything people see, from the grandest landscapes created by nature to the manufactured world of architecture and art. Thus, it inexorably has an impact on people’s lives...
Since the time of the early Greek philosophers like Plato and Socrates, and even into the contemporary era, critical thinking has been a topic of considerable study and contemplation. In general, the capacity for introspective and autonomous thought might be characterized as critical thinking. Instead of accepting ideas and presumptions...
Introduction Childhood and adolescent development is a complex topic that has many domains. Intelligence and cognition have been among the main areas of scholarly interest throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, although modern scholars also distinguish the developmental domains of motivation, social integration, and emotional involvement (Bergin & Allen, 2019)....
Introduction Humans’ ability to derive, analyze, and instrumentalize information to adapt to external circumstances has been of interest to psychology researchers for centuries. Various perspectives on information processing, including Vygotsky’s theory, Gardner’s multiple intelligences (MI) approach, and Sternberg’s triarchic model, dominate the modern view of intelligence. The three approaches feature...
Introduction The paper aims to examine the question of COVID-19’s effects on social and cognitive development among adolescents. Scholars posit that the pandemic brought abrupt changes, including negative impacts on mental health and positive effects on family relationship attributes (Prime et al., 2020). The pandemic led to the investigation of...
Abstract Multiracial affiliations are predicted to grow exponentially in the coming century, which challenges those who are used to categorising people as belonging to their race or another. This study investigates how participants who identify as White or Hispanic categorize themselves as Hispanic-White Biracial in response to threat. The study...
The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing. Albert Einstein Introduction Critical thinking is one of the main drivers of human consciousness. It motivates the acquisition of new knowledge and the creation of innovative proposals and solutions to problems. Moreover, this skill has...
Introduction People continually strive to behave logically, fairly, and with empathy, thanks to critical thinking. Thus, the essential attribute of critical thinking requires the capacity to reason according to the rules of common sense and probability and to use this expertise to comprehend real-world problems that are not content-dependent. Critical...
Emotional intelligence, also known as emotional quotient, is the ability to comprehend, use and manage one’s own emotions and those of others positively. Various physical cues, such as facial expressions and postures, are worldly accepted as representative of sentiments. Once a person can recognize their emotions, they can then use...
Memory is an essential component of learning, and with memory improvement, people can achieve good educational results. McCullough et al. (2019) discuss using acute stress to improve episodic memory. The authors emphasize the importance of contextual binding in memory improvement because it facilitates learning new information. The authors aim to...
Introduction Optimism is a cognitive concept that constitutes expectations about future events. In addition, it pertains to motivation: optimistic individuals expend effort, whereas pessimistic individuals withdraw from the effort. (Scheier and Carver, 1) The study of optimism originated primarily in the context of health, where researchers discovered favorable connections between...
Introduction Cognitive processes can proceed either as automatic or as a controlled conscious. Automatic thinking is the tendency to automatically and unconsciously process information, decide what to do, remember previous events, and make predictions. Deliberate thinking is focused on solving a problem in a way that leads to an optimal...
Introduction Critical thinking skills and unconscious decisions can go hand in hand, complement each other, or exist as independent phenomena. In this paper, both methods will be considered and compared. Critical thinking and nonconscious thinking help analyze information and experiences to participate in the decision-making process. In the article “Deciding...
Introduction Cognitive psychology is concerned with the study of mental processes associated with individuals. They include information processing, perception, as well as the development of aspects such as memory and language. One of the significant aspects of cognitive psychology is intelligence. The study of this characteristic of a person is...
Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of conditioning that allows individuals to develop a response to certain kinds of stimuli, often unconsciously. First described by Pavlov, this type of conditioning relies on combining a stimulus with a pre-existing response with an unknown one, allowing the individual to react to...
Introduction Growing up is a long process of changing perceptions of self, friends, reality, and society. They were noted by Piaget, who distinguished four stages of cognitive transformations. The concrete and formal stages are the most important because they affect the underlying changes, which include personal fables, idealism, and criticism,...
Ego Depletion Definition Ego depletion is the theory that self-control or willpower is a limited resource that can be used up. According to the reading, ego depletion occurs when people use their self-control or willpower by engaging in activities requiring mental effort and focus (McRaney). Once the store of willpower...
In simple terms, a sunk cost is an investment or payment that a person can never recover. Therefore, sunk cost fallacy is the human tendency to follow through with an endeavor, significantly if they have invested or paid money to it, regardless of whether the costs outweigh the benefits (McRaney)....
In rational reality, people are exposed to discrediting evidence that does not fit their worldview. In the perfect scenario, they adjust the obtained information to their beliefs, whereas in real life, the backfire effect takes place (McRaney, 2011). A cognitive bias affects individuals’ inability to accept new evidence and strengthen...
Confirmation bias is one of the most interesting phenomena almost everyone has. Since people tend to find it stressful to change their views or give up their assumptions and beliefs, it is usually unpleasant to find evidence proving an opposing viewpoint on an issue (McRaney). Consequently, many humans prefer to...
Introduction Memory study is one of the main lines of inquiry for cognitive psychology. Cherry (2020b) defines memory as “the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve information” (What Is Memory section, para. 1). On the other hand, false memory implies incorrect, fabricated, or distorted information...
Cognitive development refers to the growth of children’s knowledge and skills and their abilities to understand their surroundings and solve problems. It is a positive change in the way children think and explore things, helping them reason and comprehend the world around them (Sternberg & Williams, 2010; Ranjitkar et al.,...
This scientific paper is the content of two chapters of books on sensation and perception, and learning. These two aspects are interconnected, as I help people to learn about the world around them and gain new knowledge. Therefore, the value of studying them is to gain critical knowledge that will...
The distinct smell of fallen leaves that many people associate with autumn is well-described by scientists. The organic substances that trees secrete in the autumn season produce close associations in human minds (Weissier, 2020). A similar notion is mentioned by Schmunk (2019), who describes the scent of the products of...
Cognitive psychology, measuring intelligence, and classifying intelligence are some of the takeaway topics covered. Cognitive psychology is a science that focuses on how a person’s brain works. These works include problem-solving, learning, attention, and memory. People have different reactions based on their thinking (Openstax, n.d.). If a person is identified...
The mind can turn hell into heaven in the case of a cognitive model of anomalies. This model identifies cognitive distortions and dysfunctions of thought processes leading to various mental disorders (Villanueva et al., 2020). Unlike the behavioral model, the cognitive one is directed inside a person and entirely depends...
The study provides a complex and multidimensional analysis of Bloom’s taxonomy as a methodology. Beginning with an analogy-based explanation of the goals the model serves to accomplish, it proceeds to a diachronic perspective, simply stated, describing how the taxonomy has changed throughout its history. Synchronically, the author examines the dissimilarities...
The magic trick presented in the video is extremely simple and requires only a coin and a can of soda. The magician takes a coin and makes the audience believe that he can put it in a closed soda can through the bottom. The soda can is actually closed, and...
The belief in one’s own abilities and competencies is known as self-efficacy. Self-efficacy can influence how one feels about themselves. Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of observational learning, social experience, and reciprocal determinism in the development of a personality, and the concept of self-efficacy is important to...
The cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a method used in contemporary psychology to help patients deal with negative attitudes towards events or perception of self. Wright, Brown, Thase, and Basco (2017) describe the basic strategies of the CBT, which includes an explanation of this method, its application, and expected outcomes for...
Generating ideas is a very complex process, and to achieve results, it is necessary to master various creative techniques. The use of such methods and an idea of how new ideas are formed is the key to the development of creative abilities that are so necessary for modern specialists. The...
Cognitive biases have a significant impact on the decision-making process in various spheres of life, and particularly — in economics. Different theories explain biased behavior and describe specific types of cognitive biases. This literature review focuses on exploring the most common variants of cognitive biases, such as risk aversion, anchoring,...
This chapter discusses the ways to implement the cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) in order to decrease suicide risk. The authors state that hopelessness and negative thoughts that may lead to suicide, which can be addressed by means of engaging such patients in CBT through the recognition of their feelings and offering...
Background of the Literature Memory is a critical cognitive function that is important in everyday cognitive processes. However, memory performance may not always be the same, given the capacity for various factors to affect memory performance. The literature involves previous work on memory under neuropsychology and the factors affecting memory....
Multiple tasks being carried out at once is usual in today’s society. Many people work from the comfort of their homes to juggle a job, education, and domestic life. On the other hand, this can be a difficult task, particularly if one has to attend Zoom classes while working from...
Critical thinking is the ability of a person to evaluate the judgments offered to him from different points of view, to seek ways to understand information, and interoperate it with his picture of the world. It allows one to match existing data in memory with new information that arises in...
James developed several theoretical statements concerning human consciousness as a complex system. Summarizing them, it should be noted that constantly changing thought is part of consciousness and concerns some parts of objects independent of it. The initial preliminary summary of the notion is the uniqueness of consciousness as “It” is...
There are hundreds of movies that depict the development of characters over time. What sets Boyhood (2014), directed by Richard Stuart Linklater, is that it was filmed over the span of twelve years and included the same actors. The movie shows the childhood and adolescence of Mason Evans Jr., played...
Introduction People are different, and each person perceives information in a unique way. An individual may better memorize a fact or an opinion if they can associate themselves with the presented knowledge. For example, people may have a finer comprehension of a movie if they can relate to situations or...
In the modern world, meditation is becoming more and more prevalent in people’s lives. This practice came from India and China, and if earlier meditation was associated only with religious practices, today scientists are studying the effect of this practice on the brain, productivity, and a sense of happiness, which...
Introduction Procrastination is an issue that affects the motivation of many individuals, reducing their overall feeling of satisfaction, quality of life, and performance in terms of learning and working processes. This phenomenon is complex and influenced by a variety of factors, among which is self-determination. However, while there are many...
Making correct and informed judgments requires drawing conclusions based on realistic assumptions. Assumptions are the beginning points for any cognitive process or argument, and they significantly impact the conclusion’s outcome. If the assumptions are correct, the decision is likely to be accurate. For example, if someone thinks that all dogs...
Memory is essential to human life, as it allows individuals to store. Human life depends on memory, enabling people to store and retrieve information. Memory comes in various forms, and each function differently, including semantic, episodic, and procedural memory. This essay analyzes these types of memory and how they function...
Introduction An essential part of the perception of reality is played by the instinct of fear, which affects the understanding of the essence of what is happening. The innate fear response may alter how people perceive risk, making it difficult to evaluate the likelihood and consequences of different dangers. The...
Source: Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12(1), 97–136. Web. Treisman and Gelade (1980) presented a comprehensive theoretical framework for elucidating the mechanisms underlying attention in visual perceptionAccording to the theory of feature integration, the integration of objects in the visual field...
Definition of Cognition Cognition is a set of mental processes involved in thinking, knowing, learning, and memorizing (Spielman et al., 2020). It includes perception, attention, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognition is linked to the ability to learn and adapt and the capacity to understand and interact with the environment. It...
Cognitive distortions are biased or irrational patterns of thinking that negatively impact emotions, behaviors, and well-being. One such distortion is catastrophizing, which involves blowing things out of proportion and imagining the worst outcomes (Casabianca, 2022). Therefore, to help a client overcome this distortion, I would use a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)...
Memory is an integral part of the life of the majority of living species, including humans. In many ways, the extent of its functionality defines individual capabilities, personality, and behavior. Chapter 7 provides a sophisticated overview of what constitutes memory and shares numerous insights into the way it works. Apart...
Cognitive psychology is a broad field of science that helps to understand better the thinking process of people and what goes into the problem-solving process. Moreover, this branch assists in determining what is behind the formation of human behavior and ways of interacting with others. Many different theoretical approaches and...
A person learns about the world that surrounds him with the help of numerous specialized functions of the body. One of them is perception and sensation, which, despite their apparent similarity, are completely different processes. First, it is necessary to gain an understanding of the nature of these processes. Hence,...
Strengths The work discusses the connection between memory and the legal investigation of crimes. The author’s central idea is that in extreme stress situations, the general memory process is distorted, complicating the investigation process due to the vague testimonies of victims and eyewitnesses. The primary strength of the work is...
The aim of this essay is to reflect on the influence cognitive bias has on the perception of information. Bias is an error in interpreting data due to personal inclinations, prejudice, or simplification of knowledge. It exists as a result of the brain trying to make an explanation of the...
The Role of Text Most people on the planet, as adults, are able to absorb textual information and read and process it correctly. This skill is paramount when the individual is in society. We read information boards, books, and textbooks, correspond on social networks, and write texts ourselves. Text, in...
A basic mental function that enables us to store and retrieve information is memory. It is the basis for both our capacity to learn and engage with the outside world. Encoding, storage, and retrieval are only a few of the cognitive processes that go into memory, which is a complicated...
A personal mission statement combined with short-term goals provides a framework for achieving one’s goals. Namely, the mission statement is used for naming the end goal and, as a result, setting out the direction in which one wishes to move forward. In comparison, the short-term goals serve to identify the...
Introduction People do not typically link the human race with abilities like mind reading or future prediction. Research reveals that many people do, in fact, think that psychic abilities exist. One would expect that, over time, examples of psychic fraud would make psychic claims less credible. Many people continue to...
Reasoning refers to an act of thinking about a thing in a way that is logical and sensible. Notably, different types of psychology books and texts have explained different types of this reasoning. This essay will mainly discuss two kinds of reasoning: inductive and deductive. Inductive and deductive reasoning are...
The article by Knoblich and Flach examines the correlation between perception and action, claiming that the two activities depend on each other. The initial hypothesis is based on previous academic research on the “motor theory of speech perception, the common-coding theory, and the theory of intentional schemas” (Knoblich & Flach,...
The body is a unified system controlled by the brain. If special keys and approaches are selected, and one learns how to influence the brain’s work, genuinely inexhaustible possibilities arise for the human being. However, phenomenal consciousness is illusory, and science still does not find such quality in the human...
Introduction Each individual has a different level of intelligence, according to which people can use their specific abilities. In general, intelligence is measured against the intelligence of an average person of the same age. The theory of intelligence is extremely popular among educators, and many teachers use it in schools...
Critical thinking entails systematically examining data and drawing reasonable conclusions. Elder and Paul define the disciplined process of actively and successfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information to obtain an answer or conclusion. Analyzing information, recognizing prejudice, and making well-considered conclusions require reasoning skills (Paul & Elder, 2019). According...
Introduction Emotional intelligence is a multidimensional phenomenon that significantly influences an individual’s quality of life. It entails perceiving, controlling, and assessing emotions among entities. In this case, the counterpart attains proficient discernment and knowledge regarding the effective and strategic form of engagement. An excellent example enshrines solving a conflict among...
Study and Encoding Memories Memory retains information across time by encoding, storing, and retrieving it. Recalling, identifying, and relearning knowledge more readily on a subsequent effort are all signs of memory. Models of information processing relate mental abilities to computer processes. It consists of three processes that include encoding, storing,...
Introduction The case scenario being analyzed is Can You Point Out the Person You Saw in the Park? (Eyewitness Memory and Recovered Memory). This scenario included a girl aged 11 who was kidnapped while on holiday with her parents in a large park. When more than 30 minutes had passed,...
The sunk cost fallacy implies that we are making illogical judgments that result in inferior consequences. This was the most intriguing fact about the reading for me. We are preoccupied with our previous investments rather than our current and future costs and rewards, which leads us to deal with situations...
Introduction Additional insight on the topics of memory, knowledge, and language has to be attained to ensure that learners get a better look at how they should memorize different information and engage in repetition activities. Moreover, the majority of events related to memory, knowledge, and language acquisition are not intuitive...
Introduction The uncanny is the psychological experience of seeing something creepy and strangely familiar. The term can be discussed in relation to the supernatural, and achieving the uncanny effect is a common purpose in fiction writing. This essay will explore these notions based on Freud’s ideas and decadent literature. The...
Introduction Cognitive dissonance presents a condition of an individual’s mental discomfort caused by a clash of two opposite beliefs, ideas, or values in an individual’s perception. Therefore, cognitive dissonance relates to the type of stress people experience when engaging in activities that contradict their beliefs, ideas, or values. The cognitive...
Introduction Addressing the question of what is right and wrong is challenging since people have different perceptions of reality. When people see or hear things though the message is always the same, the interpretation varies from one person to another due to their difference in views. In decision-making, the reality...
People living with mental disabilities face numerous challenges in their daily lives, and their conditions are often difficult to treat because their causes can be unknown. Researchers, scientists, and mental health professionals extensively study different approaches to the treatment of mental health disabilities, both psychological and those involving medicine. I...
Mental rotation is an imaginative process that is based on visualizing how an object or picture, either in 2 or 3-dimensional, might seem if it were rotated. There is a connection between parts of the brain linked with awareness and mental rotation. Furthermore, a connection could exist between the mental...
Introduction Emotion sensation is a stage of neurobiological functioning necessary for developing feelings and connections with consciousness. Feelings are necessary for enhancing cognition and the proper functioning of all mental functions. According to the biological standpoint, biological systems and their roles determine humans’ conduct and thinking (Capdevila et al., 2015a)....
Introduction False memory refers to human memories that are either altered from the actual event or made up. Kloft et al.’s groundbreaking research revealed that an individual’s remembrance of past events is modified by their schemas and understandings of the present (2021). This concept served as a springboard for further...
Working memory is an essential aspect of human activity. It considers many cognitive planes, and therefore there is an abundance of definitions for it (Chai et al., 2018). Generally, it is defined as a platform where thoughts are held and manipulated, and it serves as the cornerstone of goal-directed behavior...
Sleep plays an instrumental role in consolidating motor memory and overall learning. According to Johnson et al. (2019), sleep improves training and rehabilitation through non-rapid eye movement throughout the night or during a nap. Various methods have proven helpful in enhancing the process of training and rehabilitation during sleep. Targeted...
Individuals may generate ideas and take actions based on mental processes that are impacted by biases, emotions, reason, and memories while making a choice. Like most Western societies, psychology generally considers individuals autonomous (Capdevila et al., 2015b). Thus, this implies that everyone should aim to be completely in isolation and...
Introduction The effective use of critical thinking skills essentially depends on one’s awareness of the components included in their definition. According to Facione and Gittens (2015), they vary from positive and negative habits of processing any information to core abilities, allowing individuals to benefit from them. Hence, it is important...
Summary This report reviews research describing the formation of conspiracy theories in adolescents using the telephone to jam the signal of tracking devices. It is shown that teleological thinking, belief in the low probability of an incident, and patterns of representational thinking prove to be predictors for the development of...
Introduction Communication and connection are essential elements of human life; thus, scholars strive to investigate reasons for better interaction of some individuals with specific people rather than with others. One of the possible explanations was proposed by the supporters of attraction theory, which, as the title suggests, means that affinity...
The relational psychodynamic model is the framework helping people to understand their problems better by analyzing their real and imagined relations with others and reality. It promotes a better understanding of how the body, mind, and interpersonal life can be aligned and work together to resolve current problems and emotional...
Magic has always captured the minds and hearts of people around the world, regardless of preference. Many still prefer to attend performances where magicians would show the world what they do best, namely magic tricks. This craving for magic tricks can easily be explained by the fact that people are...
Human Motivation Problem Prevalence and Causes The problem that affects human motivation and performance chosen for this assessment is poor sleep. Poor sleep has become a ubiquitous issue in modern high-paced society, affecting all groups of people worldwide. It may be caused by diverse physiological and social factors, including illnesses,...
Formal and post-formal operational stages are phases in cognitive development. The formal operational stage is the last cognitive stage proposed by Piaget in his theory of development. This stage is mainly characterized by abstract thinking and the use of logic (Miller, 2018). On the other hand, post-operational thinking is an...
The ability to think, learn from experience, solve issues, and adjust to new circumstances is known as intelligence. Galton argued that intellect was a function of sensory sharpness, and people exhibiting high degrees of sensory intolerance are intelligent in his hereditary view. He believed that society should encourage the nurturing...
Introduction Creativity is one concept that is difficult to evaluate, measure, and nurture in a person. Creative abilities depend on many internal and external factors, such as predisposition and external social environment. Dean Keith Simonton is the author of the Creativity chapter in the Noba textbook series on psychology. He...
