Introduction Anxiety disorder is a clinical issue that needs psychiatric care and normally affects children and teenagers and has a prevalence rate of 3-24% (Cartwright, McNicol & Doubleday, cited in Alan & Kazdin, 2010, p. 61). Normally, anxiety disorders are chronic and recurrent and their only remedy is seeking medical...
Introduction According to Kübler-Ross & Kessler (2005), the grieving process takes five stages to be complete. These stages are denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. The person grieving undergoes different experiences in each of the stages, but eventually sees the need to accept the reality. During the denial...
The Self-Efficacy Theory developed by an American social psychologist Alfred Bandura is a pivotal contribution to the theoretical framework of educational psychology. The theory is defined as “peoples’ beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives” (Bandura, 1994). These...
The University of Southampton’s Stopa (2009) puts forward three constructs about the self in managing social phobia. This is an essay that responds to inadequate explanations in cognitive psychology about the role of the self in the dynamics of social phobia. It may seem paradoxical to focus on the construction...
Introduction The main point of Malcolm Gladwell’s book is the importance of “thin slicing” or making decisions without an in-depth assessment. The author promotes the idea that analysis can cause unnecessary “paralysis,” which hinders efficiency. Gladwell points out the critical importance of intuitive thinking and a quick decision-making process, which...
The article under review is psychological research about how physical attractiveness affects women and men. It measures marital success and social life based on physical attractiveness. Face, height, and body mass index measure attractiveness in people. According to Jæger, this topic is important to psychologists because the life course of...
The problem of perception of pain is one of the most complex and acute problems of medicine. Pain is commonly believed to be a feeling of physical discomfort or suffering that a human understands and acknowledges. This sensation is triggered by irritations, which can be both external and internal. While...
Outline Melissa is a four year old child who swallowed two of her mother’s ‘green lollies’, identified as sleeping tablets (Temazepam). The mother forgot to strap her daughter into her booster seat and she has hit her head on the back of the seat. Melissa is drowsy, disorientated and has...
Discrimination is an ongoing issue that has been causing problems to millions of people for centuries. With time, discrimination and prejudice behavior does not vanish; thus, changes its forms and manifestations. The video “A Class Divided” is a prominent example of how easy it is to impose discriminative behavior inside...
The dramatic increase in the number of victims of emergencies, accidents, wrongful acts, and serious conflicts has led to a rise in the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among the population. The psychological consequences of the trauma experience are of concern to the global psychological community. Recent years of...
Locke believed that sensual experiences reveal knowledge of the external world. In defense of this stance, the philosopher distinguishes physical objects from human sense which generates ideas. His approach assumes that “the mind does not come into the worlds already inscribed with ideas or knowledge” (Vaughn 295). The only role...
Introduction Psychology takes an avid interest in human cognition that studies an individual’s psychological functions from the standpoint of information processing. Sensation and perception are two concepts that are useful for understanding human cognition. They explain a variety of phenomena such as the diversity of interpretations based on individuals’ perceptions....
The history of the social sciences’ most significant transformation is connected to globalization and the increased connectivity of the global community. The most interesting event is the development of advanced technology, such as neuroimaging, that allows scientists to study the subjects’ brains. This event is exciting and essential for the...
Introduction The concepts of conformism have typically been frowned upon in western society for the past several decades, whereas individuality and self-expression have received praise. Overall, the current social perception of unwillingness to develop individual characteristics has been presented mostly in a negative light as the focus on complacency and...
Theory of mind (TOM) is an essential psychological process that helps humans function in society. Zhou et al. (2019) conducted an experimental study where they investigated how TOM, inhibitory control, and healthy aging were related. In the experiment, six groups of participants of six age groups completed tasks for cognitive...
The research on the analysis of brain activity to identify the properties of memory and the possibilities of manipulating it is a significant breakthrough in neurobiology. In their speech, Steve Ramirez and Xu Liu say that the hippocampus is a part of the brain that contains cells responsible for memories...
Introduction The cognitive dissonance theory explains the phenomenon where a person experiences tension and anxiety when that person has two opposing thoughts in mind. Dissonance is directly proportional to the importance of a certain ideology, intensity of opposing views and absence of rational decision making. When a person believes something...
The first impression we make of a person can be significant because it has a strong influence on behavior towards someone. Psychologist Solomon Asch “proposed two contrasting models of impression formation: the “elementaristic” model and a gestalt view” (Hampson, 2018, 120). In the last century, social psychology was heavily influenced...
It was interesting for me to watch this TED Talk since it gave a number of insights and provided information about a unique experiment that can change the way people see the world. Even though it was a little bit challenging to understand the ideas covered because of their complexity...
Introduction Cognitive psychology plays a vital role in people’s everyday life. It is clear that people’s mental processes occur based on thorough thinking or decision-making, and cognitive functions are behind these processes. Nowadays, psychologists and researchers pay special attention to the language processing that conditions why people choose this or...
Introduction The biological functioning of the mind has attracted substantial research interest in psychology and physiology intended to understand mental processes among humans. The mind/body problem entails the brain’s nature and how it relates to the human body, including the nervous system. Prominent theorists have put forth many theories explaining...
Memory and learning are closely related concepts. While learning is a process of acquiring skills and specific sets of knowledge, memory is an essential part of learning as it lets individuals remember the comprehended material. Therefore, it is clear that learning depends on the ability to memorize particular things and...
One of the essential points in building a professional brand and professional presence is the first impression. Usually, being crucial, it is created in several minutes of an acquaintance. For instance, in the job interview, the first question might be “tell me about yourself,” which immediately forms the perception of...
Introduction Sleep quality and quantity are essential to every individual, especially university students trying to earn their degrees and professionally establish themselves. It is recommended that adults get 6 to 8 hours of sleep to promote their physical, mental, and psychological wellbeing. For the student-age population, the reality is that...
Researchers have demonstrated that both the environment and heredity have a collaborative influence on intelligence. Several studies have shown that there is a reaction Range to the intelligence Quotient (IQ), which implies that there are limits on IQ by genetic transmission. Heredity has a lower and upper limit on the...
Introduction Awareness is the ability of a person to view oneself as a unique soul different from the surrounding. Self-awareness enables one to reflect on their thoughts, behaviors, and feelings in regards to temperaments. The overall knowledge or idea somebody has about themselves is referred to as self-concept, basically. Self-esteem...
Introduction The analysis of specific behavioral paradigms can help identify how they affect the worldview, what drivers stimulate them, and how strong their manifestations are. As the objects of discussion, four concepts will be involved: a) positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment; b) social change in life-span development; c) motivation...
Consequentialists and non-consequentialist are the opposite moral reasoning types that include specific theories and determine the individual’s perception of principles. Consequentialism evaluates the outcomes, and if the consequent advantages are more significant than drawbacks, an action is considered profound (Gustafson 2020). Consequentialist theories are utilitarianism, which prioritizes decision-making approaches that...
The different ways people are engaged in life events affect the decisions making process and the outcomes of such situations. According to George Kelly, the way people perceive reality is strongly attached to their personal constructs; that is, how people analyze, think, or interpret certain events or life situations (Chiari,...
Introduction Locus of control is an essential concept which focuses on the individuals’ belief in regards to their control over experiences or situations. They primarily affect people’s lives, and thus, a person might be convinced that he or she is in full control of any life-altering influences. There is a...
Introduction The way people make sense of the surrounding world is a generally vast issue related to cognitive psychology. Humans have the ability to identify a certain amount of information received from the world they inhabit and, thus, make it substantial. Compared to other animals, human senses are relatively limited,...
These days more and more women approach the decision to have a baby very consciously, choosing the time when they are physically and emotionally prepared. However, there are several challenges that may present themselves after the childbirth with some of them having long-term implications. One of such problems is postpartum...
Cognitive changes in the aging brain include decreased capacity in different memory functions. Scientists believe that episodic memory associated with information related to reality is more prone to deterioration in older adults. In contrast, semantic memory capacity, such as abstract memorization of words and concepts, decreases less. This paper aims...
Introduction About 14.6 million people in the US use marijuana, 36% of which have the related disorders that require appropriate interventions. Various approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, have been adapted for marijuana patients. However, the assumption that patients possess adequate cognitive functioning makes it difficult for patients with less cognitive...
It has been affirmed that the number of mentally ill people imprisoned is about twenty-five million (Bureau of Justice Statistics). Research also confirms that people who are mentally ill have a greater likelihood of being imprisoned for violent activities (Ortiz, 2000). The highly elevated numbers of mentally ill offenders in...
Introduction It is common for people to share their problems with friends or family members as a strategy for overcoming anxiety, depression, or fear. However, a counselor may always be consulted in case of complex problems. For centuries, simple psychotherapy methods have been applied to solve mental issues. However, modern...
Introduction People receive much information every day: daily life, social networks, the news, and many other sources provide numerous facts and theories for the brain to digest. Most humans do not realise that a complex process occurs every time they think or react to something. However, the mechanism of information...
Introduction In one of his early works, Wolfe et al. (1989) came up with a research paradigm of a guided visual search replacing the traditional serial search approach and enhancing the feature integration model. The paper was based on several experiments, which included searching for targets with variable numbers of...
Introduction Cognitive development is an important process in the growth and development of human beings from childhood to adulthood. Cognitive psychology development refers to the progression of areas of mental advancement, which determine intelligence. Mental progression is expressed through attentiveness, language development, and reasoning, making of perceptions, memory development, and...
Wisdom is an ability to use knowledge, common sense, and experience when thinking and performing an action. This notion is associated with unbiased judgment, compassion, ethics and benevolence. It is generally thought that wise people are optimistic about life’s challenges, and share the opinion that all the problems can be...
Introduction Psychotherapy is applied as a therapeutic approach capable of helping individuals to cope with unwanted behaviors, emotions, and attitudes. Research indicates that the prevalent majority (90%) of therapists utilize cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) (Ryan et al., 2011). The purpose of the paper is to compare and contrast CBT and rational...
Introduction Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that helps in studying mental processes, such as perception, thought, memory, linguistic, problem-solving, and studying. The cognitive research approach provides managing memory disorders, decision-making accuracy, looking for methods on how people can recover from brain damage, treatment of learning disorders, and structure...
Internet obsession and people’s extremely high dependence on social media and online content has now become so deeply integrated into the human lifestyle patterns that they seem to hardly notice any issues caused by this addiction. The problem has now become especially concerning among the younger population, as they cannot...
Jean Piaget The peculiarities of early childhood education have a serious impact on the further development of an individual in both cognitive and emotional aspects. Thus, it is of crucial importance to define an appropriate and relevant pattern of child education in order for the model to be inclusive for...
Introduction The brain is one of the most complicated and multifunctional organs in the human body. Medical specialists, psychologists, and neuroscientists have always been paying special attention to its abilities and role in the organism. One of the main functions of the brain is connected with the process of learning....
Introduction Psychologists have been studying the mechanism of habits development for decades. The main objective was to find out the reason for habit formation and the factors that affect this process. Today, several theories are developed to address these important issues. The behavioral and social/cognitive theories are the leading theories...
Introduction Cognitive development is a concept, which encompasses all forms of cognitive and developmental processes, such as perception, memory, conceptual thinking, problem-solving, imagination, and logic. This epistemological theory has given many basic concepts in the studies of developmental psychology. It explores the growth of rationality, which means the ability to...
The paper will discuss the remarkable research of Elizabeth Loftus, who claimed that when one recalls a memory, the occasion is not absolutely reimagined. Instead, he or she remembers a reconstruction of this occasion. The author also assumes that her findings are evident from criminal investigation cases during which the...
The two necessary conditions for adult cognitive development are the person’s ability to engage in rational discourse and critically reflect to the receive experience. Cognitive development is closely connected to the change in thinking patterns, and the more they are creative and powerful the better achievements the person may expect...
Abstract In this research, the core question of biological psychology about the interconnection of bodily systems and mental operations is investigated, considering its different aspects. First, the general problem of the relevance of the body-mind connection is discussed, considering its philosophical and scientific foundations. Second, the nature of the connection...
We live in the era of modern technologies and scientific developments. The science is developed at a very quick pace. The main subject of the modern science is a human being. Despite all modern achievements and inventions, a human being still remains a mystery for the science. In the previous...
Blink: The Power of Thinking is an academic work written in plain language by Malcolm Gladwell. The author of the book investigates the specific human’s ability to understand the situation from the first view. The researcher claims that the person’s unconscious is able to find the patterns of someone’s behavior...
The sensory system of human beings includes organs that perceive and analyze all stimuli that come to them from the internal and external environment. Each of the five sensory organs, biological cycles, and other physical characteristics of a person are directly involved in the collection and analysis of information and...
With their paper, Hutto et al. (2014) seek to contribute to the century-long debate that engages both philosophers, and cognitive scientists regarding the extent of human cognition. In particular, Hutto et al. (2014) make an argument in support of the theory of radical enactivism that is often considered ill-conceived or...
The human brain has always been a versatile field for investigations within psychology. It is considered to be the only tool for receiving and analyzing information. Nevertheless, the proper organization of its work requires a deeper understanding of learning processes in terms of their effective usage. Defining the role of...
Most people who are convicted of driving under the influence (DUI) in the United States are repeat offenders. As a result, many research studies have been conducted to find out specific factors affecting DUI recidivism. However, most of the studies have focused on the drinking habits as well as drinking-related...
Summary The article “Perception and Attention II” introduces readers to the concepts of sensory buffers and the hierarchy of needs which apparently dictate the inclusion of specific types of information when it come to an individual focusing attention on a particular activity or on an observable event that captures their...
The discipline of psychology, memory is defined as a process through which information is received, stored and decoded. Memory is important and there are various types of memory, classified according to different criteria such as the type of information received and stored. People forget some things from time to time,...
A true miracle occurred when first moving pictures appeared back in 1878. It was hard to believe that later the whole words would be created by means of movie industry, and the characters of favorite novels will live their lives on the cinema screens, depicted by movie creators’ imagination. But...
The understanding of consciousness has for a long time been subject to a number of discussions. The advancement in scientific knowledge has, however, revolutionized the mindset of people in relation to the effective comprehension of consciousness. This paper is a critique of an article about consciousness by Marie-Helen. The relationship...
The paper is titled “Learning and Memory Systems: Work in Progress” and reviews the phenomenon of memory as a psychological concept. The paper discusses memory, types of memory, memory storage in the brain and how memory and the brain relate to each other. There is further discussion about amnesia and...
Obsessions are unwanted, annoying thoughts, motives, or images, which usually cause pronounced discomfort or anxiety. The dominant theme of obsessive thoughts can be harm or risk to oneself and others, danger, infection, doubt, loss, or aggression. For instance, patients may be haunted by the thought of contracting bacteria through dirt...
The article presents the results of an in-depth assessment of secular cognitive performance trends among the elderly population in the United States from 1999 to 2014. This research is made urgent by the progressive extension of people’s lifespans. While people live longer, those prolonged lifespans also mean extended periods of...
Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder In the context of the modern world’s rapid development, US residents struggle with high levels of stress caused by both financial and emotional hardships. Thus, the notions of various mental disorders become familiar to people at a relatively early age. Such a variety, however, may often...
Excessive workload has always been one of the main challenges that nurses face while working. It is defined by the amount of work performed by an individual in a given period. According to Madadzadeh, Barati, Asour, “Excessive workload is a major source of stress; in 37% oAs ourjects hi,gh workload...
Research Topic The proposed research is concerned with employee empowerment (EE). In particular, the varied methods of EE and their relative effectiveness are going to be studied in the view of humanistic psychology (HP). The preliminary aim of the study consists in defining the reasons for the different levels of...
The achievement gap between minority students and the general population is a considerable problem for schools and higher education institutions. While some researchers believe that the issue should be addressed by curriculum change, Jordt et al. (2017) suggest that academic underachievement may be due to psychological reasons. Thus, providing students...
Introduction Over the past decades, the number of publications on the problem of the regulation of emotions in norm and pathology in the psychological literature has increased many times every year (Anastasi, 2013). However, despite the fact that this topic is increasingly becoming the object of systematic research in both...
What is it about the cognitive model and cognitive-behavior therapy that you find most attractive as a behavioral health counselor? The cognitive-behavioral model aims to change thinking patterns of patients and manage negative attitudes and communication patterns. The aim of cognitive-behavioral therapy is to teach and elucidate a client how...
The cognitive theory was developed by Jean Piaget, a biologist, and psychologist. The theory is based on four stages of a child’s development which help physiologists to understand and evaluate the growth and maturity of a child. The theory consists of four stages: sensorimotor period (years 0–2); preoperational period (years...
Introduction Psychologists have examined the growth of human beings from infancy to adulthood. They have focused on the aspects that contribute to personality traits, the way of living, and also mental development. Of keen interest are the effects of some stimuli of human development for example does genetics pre-program an...
Introduction Children with autism have difficulty communicating but only to those who do not know their complicated situation. Ordinary people who do not know autism think and believe the many myths surrounding autism. But these are myths that people with autism themselves would like to prove wrong. We lack understanding...
Sometimes people make decisions that are beyond their and their reasonable thinking. Instead, their thinking mostly depends on a particular situation or on other people’s experiences. That means that their principles and prejudice are based on subjective meaning, and therefore they don’t realize indeed to what consequences it might lead....
Human cognitive development was described in several theories, and one of the major contemporary issues in developmental psychology is sociocultural influences on the progress of the human mind through the life span. The present paper addresses the social and cultural components of cognitive development. According to Lev Vygotsky, social interaction...
Introduction Gary and Martha (2004) define Cognitive development as the development of the ability to think and reason. Piaget’s theory focuses on how people think, that is, thought processes instead of on what they think (content). There are two processes used by children and adults to deal with new ideas;...
Kids will never enjoy their childhood if playing is not incorporated in their daily activities. The most common perception of play is that it is a fun but rather frivolous activity. Many parents, the general public, and some teachers and administrators view play as a nice treat for children who...
Introduction As an essential part of personal growth, self-esteem covers the overall self-acceptance and comprehension of self-worth by an individual. More specifically, the concept of self-esteem implies the belief and conscious determination of special abilities, thus, it is described commonly as an individual’s assessment of their value and competence. The...
Abstract Behavioral, traits, cognitive, psychoanalytic, and humanistic theories are important in psychology. Psychologists use them to explain people’s behavior and even their personalities. Thus, through them, one can understand why people behave in a unique manner when compared to others. Cognitive psychology involves studying people’s thinking process. Plato and René...
Attention The concept of attention is a nightmare to the majority of scholars. It involves a number of psychological happenings, as well as, concentrating on one or a number of activities while disregarding the others. People can consciously allocate their attention to tasks. Attention facilitates the selection of the relevant...
Introduction Theorists such as Vygotsky and Whorf have tried to explore the effects of language on cognitive psychology. Similarly, they have tried to explore the significance of human thought on language. Consequently, numerous outcomes have been received with ranging views on their interpretation. Notably, most theorists believe that language plays...
Introduction Since its introduction by Festinger, the concept of cognitive dissonance has received widespread recognition in multiple fields that involve human behavior patterns. Eventually, the concept was applied to organizational studies, where it offered numerous benefits associated with improvements in employee motivation, engagement, and behavioral patterns. Leadership has become an...
What Kind of Interaction Exists between the ‘Social’ and the ‘Cognitive’ in Social Cognitive Theory? According to the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), three factors determine the behavior change. The first is individual characteristics. A person changes only when they believe that they have the capability or self-efficacy to do so....
Brain-based Learning Brain-based learning is the process of learning based on the functioning and nature of the human brain (Fischer & Immordino-Yang, 2008). Such methods usually consider how different people learn at different ages and in different social, physical, and emotional environments. Teachers that use this system always use the...
Experiential learning is of paramount importance for a leader because in different companies and settings people may require different leadership approaches, so a leader has to know how to act in their particular company or setting. The action – observation – reflection model allows for enhancing the process of learning...
Extant literature shows that Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a chromosomal condition that affects the male physical, psychosocial and cognitive capacities due to the presence of one or more supernumerary X chromosomes among the affected individuals. With an occurrence rate of 1:500 to 1:1000 live male births, affected persons exhibit a...
Introduction Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive both ones and other emotions. It enables one to use those emotions to understand and regulate them in both self and others (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). High emotional intelligence level enables a person to form meaningful relationships and lead to success...
Literature review The overall maintenance of health depends on the effective management of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. As a result, health practitioners and clinicians prescribe health intervention treatment to improve the quality of life. Thus, the need for effective health management facilitates the efficiency and productivity of health caregivers. As...
Since infancy, children begin to explore and comprehend the external world, and when they interact with new objects and phenomena, the cognitive aptitude commences developing. According to Piaget, the children pass through four basic stages of cognitive development, and the substantial transformation in child perception occur at each developmental stage...
Introduction In the early 20th century, psychologists focused primarily on behavioral psychology. However, this changed as they began to explore mental processes. Psychologists realized that the use of behavioral psychology to determine mental processes were inconsistent. Moreover, the utilization of scientific methods in psychology was advancing. Therefore, the shift from...
Introduction Explanations of the normal growth have been postulated by many theorists including Vygotsky, Erikson, Piaget and Kohberg, to help understand the way people attain cognitive development. Currently, there are many ongoing researches that are seeking to provide vital information about the nature of these developments. Growth and development in...
Perception, analysis, and performance – here are the three key elements of cognitive psychology. Which of them do you think is the most important? In fact, they all work in complex, but perception is a starting point for the other elements. One of the most convenient ways of understanding a...
Introduction Mental and behavioural illnesses have had a long history of stigma, which has devastating effects on the lives of people with psychiatric disorders, their families, and those who care for them (Ben-Zeev et al.). Because of the stigma, and because of the adverse effects of mental and behavioural illnesses,...
Since cognitive dissonance theory was first proposed in 1957, psychologists have carried out number of studies to determine the relationship between human behavior and attitudes. They also aim at determining whether behavior has an impact on attitude change. The contradicting findings by Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith (1959) and those...
Language plays one of the central roles in human cognition. People perceive information with the help of language (both oral and written). In the era of information, language has become even more important. It is necessary to note that researchers started looking into the matter in the late 19th century....
Introduction Communication refers to a two-way spoken or non-spoken process of sharing information, ideas, and feelings between individuals with the aim of developing a common understanding. The process of communicating with children takes place even before they are born. It continues until they become mature people who are able to...