Cognitive Psychology Essay Examples for Free

Cognitive Psychology Essay Examples for Free

The Sunk Cost Fallacy Explained by McRaney

The sunk cost fallacy implies that we are making illogical judgments that result in inferior consequences. This was the most intriguing fact about the reading for me. We are preoccupied with our previous investments rather than our current and future costs and rewards, which leads us to deal with situations...

Memory, Knowledge, and Language

Introduction Additional insight on the topics of memory, knowledge, and language has to be attained to ensure that learners get a better look at how they should memorize different information and engage in repetition activities. Moreover, the majority of events related to memory, knowledge, and language acquisition are not intuitive...

The Uncanny, the Supernatural, and Decadence

Introduction The uncanny is the psychological experience of seeing something creepy and strangely familiar. The term can be discussed in relation to the supernatural, and achieving the uncanny effect is a common purpose in fiction writing. This essay will explore these notions based on Freud’s ideas and decadent literature. The...

The Cognitive Dissonance Theory Development

Introduction Cognitive dissonance presents a condition of an individual’s mental discomfort caused by a clash of two opposite beliefs, ideas, or values in an individual’s perception. Therefore, cognitive dissonance relates to the type of stress people experience when engaging in activities that contradict their beliefs, ideas, or values. The cognitive...

Perception of Reality and Value Belief Norm Theory

Introduction Addressing the question of what is right and wrong is challenging since people have different perceptions of reality. When people see or hear things though the message is always the same, the interpretation varies from one person to another due to their difference in views. In decision-making, the reality...

Counseling for People with Mental Disabilities

People living with mental disabilities face numerous challenges in their daily lives, and their conditions are often difficult to treat because their causes can be unknown. Researchers, scientists, and mental health professionals extensively study different approaches to the treatment of mental health disabilities, both psychological and those involving medicine. I...

Mental Rotation in Shepard and Metzler’s View

Mental rotation is an imaginative process that is based on visualizing how an object or picture, either in 2 or 3-dimensional, might seem if it were rotated. There is a connection between parts of the brain linked with awareness and mental rotation. Furthermore, a connection could exist between the mental...

The Biological Approach to Understanding Human Emotion

Introduction Emotion sensation is a stage of neurobiological functioning necessary for developing feelings and connections with consciousness. Feelings are necessary for enhancing cognition and the proper functioning of all mental functions. According to the biological standpoint, biological systems and their roles determine humans’ conduct and thinking (Capdevila et al., 2015a)....

Experiment on False Memory: The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Paradigm

Introduction False memory refers to human memories that are either altered from the actual event or made up. Kloft et al.’s groundbreaking research revealed that an individual’s remembrance of past events is modified by their schemas and understandings of the present (2021). This concept served as a springboard for further...

A Human Working Memory Experiment

Working memory is an essential aspect of human activity. It considers many cognitive planes, and therefore there is an abundance of definitions for it (Chai et al., 2018). Generally, it is defined as a platform where thoughts are held and manipulated, and it serves as the cornerstone of goal-directed behavior...

Targeted Memory Reactivation and Naturalistic Longitudinal Observation

Sleep plays an instrumental role in consolidating motor memory and overall learning. According to Johnson et al. (2019), sleep improves training and rehabilitation through non-rapid eye movement throughout the night or during a nap. Various methods have proven helpful in enhancing the process of training and rehabilitation during sleep. Targeted...

Psychology of Making Good Decisions

Individuals may generate ideas and take actions based on mental processes that are impacted by biases, emotions, reason, and memories while making a choice. Like most Western societies, psychology generally considers individuals autonomous (Capdevila et al., 2015b). Thus, this implies that everyone should aim to be completely in isolation and...

The Concept of Critical Thinking

Introduction The effective use of critical thinking skills essentially depends on one’s awareness of the components included in their definition. According to Facione and Gittens (2015), they vary from positive and negative habits of processing any information to core abilities, allowing individuals to benefit from them. Hence, it is important...

Cognitive Distortions and Conspiracy Theories

Summary This report reviews research describing the formation of conspiracy theories in adolescents using the telephone to jam the signal of tracking devices. It is shown that teleological thinking, belief in the low probability of an incident, and patterns of representational thinking prove to be predictors for the development of...

How Is the Interpersonal Charisma of Online Bloggers Formed?

Introduction Communication and connection are essential elements of human life; thus, scholars strive to investigate reasons for better interaction of some individuals with specific people rather than with others. One of the possible explanations was proposed by the supporters of attraction theory, which, as the title suggests, means that affinity...

The Relational Psychodynamic Model and Its Techniques

The relational psychodynamic model is the framework helping people to understand their problems better by analyzing their real and imagined relations with others and reality. It promotes a better understanding of how the body, mind, and interpersonal life can be aligned and work together to resolve current problems and emotional...

The Perception of Magic in Neuroscience

Magic has always captured the minds and hearts of people around the world, regardless of preference. Many still prefer to attend performances where magicians would show the world what they do best, namely magic tricks. This craving for magic tricks can easily be explained by the fact that people are...

Sleep Health and Self-Determination

Human Motivation Problem Prevalence and Causes The problem that affects human motivation and performance chosen for this assessment is poor sleep. Poor sleep has become a ubiquitous issue in modern high-paced society, affecting all groups of people worldwide. It may be caused by diverse physiological and social factors, including illnesses,...

Formal Operational and Post-Formal Operational Thinking

Formal and post-formal operational stages are phases in cognitive development. The formal operational stage is the last cognitive stage proposed by Piaget in his theory of development. This stage is mainly characterized by abstract thinking and the use of logic (Miller, 2018). On the other hand, post-operational thinking is an...

The Nature of Human Intelligence

The ability to think, learn from experience, solve issues, and adjust to new circumstances is known as intelligence. Galton argued that intellect was a function of sensory sharpness, and people exhibiting high degrees of sensory intolerance are intelligent in his hereditary view. He believed that society should encourage the nurturing...

Psychology: “Creativity” Chapter by Simonton

Introduction Creativity is one concept that is difficult to evaluate, measure, and nurture in a person. Creative abilities depend on many internal and external factors, such as predisposition and external social environment. Dean Keith Simonton is the author of the Creativity chapter in the Noba textbook series on psychology. He...

The Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy

The post hoc ergo propter hoc defines attempts to establish cause-and-effect relationships where they do not exist, but there is a simple sequence of events unrelated to each other. This method was used, for example, in superstitions of ancient times, when the passage of a comet or a solar eclipse...

Critical Thinking: Definitions and Use

I would describe critical thinking as perceiving reality by analyzing every aspect of it and identifying its flaws. Work with Internet sources has shown that this definition does not reflect all aspects of the phenomenon under study. Thus, in general, critical thinking is defined as – a system of judgments...

Brain’s Role in Cognition and Learning

Introduction The human brain is one of the body’s most essential and complex organs. The brain controls almost all a person’s activities, including walking, reading, and riding. Research provides significant information concerning the functions of this important body part. For example, biologists investigating the brain show that it has specific...

The Human Face: Perception of Dominance and Trustworthiness

Abstract The human face is a significant factor especially when it comes to making a social judgment. Individuals can extract a lot of information from looking at specific facial features. This lab report uses the bubble technique to investigate the human face and its relationship with social judgment. More specifically,...

Changes in Relationships Through Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy

Introduction The research problem being addressed is the changing nature of patients’ social relationships as a result of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. The specific research question is “What changes in relationships occur as a result of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?” The researchers are trying to collect practical data on the positive or...

The Social Cognitive Approach: The Environment and Patterns of Thought

Abstract This paper represents a specialized literature review work that examines and concludes three credible and relevant scholarly articles related to the field of social cognitive approach in psychology. The essential condition and limit in the process of searching studies was the time period, and due to the principles of...

Disciplining Mind Through Pratyahara

The average person sincerely believes that they can concentrate instantly or quickly if the work task, their hobby, or life situation requires it. Most of these individuals, especially those unfamiliar with yoga and other relaxation practices, are unaware that their senses are almost constantly in an over-stimulated state. The source...

Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapy and Treatment Plan

Cognitive-behavioral family therapy derives from the general foundation of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) basic strategies. According to Wenzel (2017), CBT possesses four distinctive features: customization, therapist’s collaboration with the patient, a direct movement towards the treatment goal, and control through the entire therapy process. Therefore, CBT strategies can be defined as...

Measuring an Individual’s Memory Capacity

The human mind, mainly its functions of cognition and memory, remains an alluring beacon not only for writers and film directors but also for scientists. The latter category of specialists includes men and women from the diverse but related disciplines of medicine, anthropology, sociology, and psychology since these are wholly...

Attention Theories and Definition

Attention in the 7-step sensory process strongly relates to the first two steps. Inhibition at the third stage plays a vital role in processing information entering the CNS. It regulates the excitation process more precisely since this inhibition can block individual nerve fibers entirely. Hundreds and thousands of different impulses...

Logical Fallacies in Assessing Debate’s Viewpoints

Introduction Coherent and relevant use of arguments is the core of expressing a solid viewpoint in a debate. However, sometimes one side can express its point of view in an unclear manner, presenting logical fallacies, which would lead to difficulties with interpreting the viewpoint. Lack of logic breaks the structure...

Cognitive Assessment in the Bilingual Patient

Cognitive function testing depends on multiple factors, which involve an ability to understand the language in patients and doctors and the cultural background. Many testing tools are translated into other languages except for English. For instance, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) can...

Problem-Solving, Decision-Making, and Intelligence

Introduction The topics of problem-solving, creativity, decision-making, reasoning and intelligence are closely related, to the point of overlapping. For instance, scholars still face difficulties in unanimously defining the constructs of creativity and intelligence (Jaarsveld & Lachmann, 2017). Smith et al. (2009) defined creativity as “anything novel with a potential of...

Cognitive Development in Children

Cognitive development begins at the infant age, where knowledge is acquired through sensory experiences and object manipulation. Aptitude covers all aspects of cognitive development, including personality, interests, literacy, and skill aspects used in schools to help students define the most suitable career paths. By helping students identify their strengths and...

The Limitless Mind Book by J. Boaler

Personal Understanding of The Book Before Reading It From the book title, the mind is depicted as limitless in that it can take in vast information. The brain is thought to be an adaptable muscle that, when something is learned, increases its capacity to accommodate new information. This is due...

Memory, Its Importance and Role in Life

Memory plays a pivotal role in people’s lives at multiple levels, including routine, professional activity, socialization, learning, decision-making, communication, and others. Indeed, independent living might be particularly hindered or even impossible if one’s memory is impaired or dysfunctional. According to Baddeley et al. (2015), memory is an essential element of...

Psychology: Learning, Memory, Problem-Solving

Introduction Psychology presents an opportunity for everyone to understand their thought processes and emotions better. This knowledge provides a foundation for more accurate decisions in many aspects of one’s life. Many topics that were discussed in this course have a major significance for me. I chose to discuss learning, memory,...

Fundamental Attribution Error in Psychology

The video directly relates to the material in my textbook on fundamental attribution theory since it illustrates the concept of the theory and how it applies in everyday life. In the social world, people perceive others’ actions based on cause and effect, and specific events are triggered by specific causes...

Aspects of Learning and Memory

Introduction For the classical conditioning test, Option A is selected. The unconditioned stimulus is darkness or absence of light, and the unconditioned response is pupil dilation. The conditioned stimulus is the sound of a bell, and the conditioned response is pupil dilation as well. The idea behind the activity is...

Addressing the Problem of Negative Thinking

Introduction People who tend to dwell on the negative in their lives are often the victims of unfortunate events. There are several fascinating topics to explore in positive psychology, including happiness, attentiveness, flow, and fortitude (Zetsche et al., 2018). Among positive psychology’s well-known topics is the concept of positive thinking....

The Visual Imagery: The Idea of Weapon Focus

Weapon focus remains a popular disruptive mechanism used by criminals to interfere with the eyewitness’s ability to identify them when they perpetrate crime. Goldstein (2015) notes that weapon focus depends on the person holding it. A gun in the hands of a police officer will have minimal interference on eyewitness...

Psychology of Appraisal: Emotions and Decision‐Making

The relation of appraisal tendencies to decision-making has been recognized by many scientists, thus, yielding the need for thorough research. In other words, emotions and an individual’s feelings are able to change one’s judgment, perception, and especially behavior. Overall, a clear understanding of emotional appraisals is crucial to research their...

Sensation and Perception: Psychology of Information Processing

The psychology of information processing, that is, the reasoning behind how the individual interacts with the environment, is mediated by two cognitive processes: sensation and perception. Perception should be understood as the process of holistic reflection of an object and its recording in the individual’s consciousness, initiated by a physical...

The Process of Death, Dying and Grieving

Understanding the grief and dying process is essential in providing the necessary support for overcoming the death of a loved one. According to Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, the five stages that both terminally ill patients and relatives of the deceased follow sequentially constitute denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance (Bregman, 2019)....

Professional Problem-Solving and Decision-Making

A professional problem solver is a person who can correctly identify a problem and solve it in one of several ways: either systematically or intuitively. The problem is an obstacle to achieving a predetermined goal. The problem solver differs from the ordinary persons by making decisions that remove this obstacle...

Learning, Memory and Developmental Aspects

Developmental Aspects of Learning The process of acquiring and stimulating the repetition of the information is explicitly dependent on one’s ability to memorize certain phenomena and items. One’s memory works on the basis of neural connections in the human brain. Essentially, one’s ability to remember certain things relates to the...

Thinking and Intelligence in Psychological Science

In psychological science, based on the doctrine of the activity nature of the human psyche, thinking and intellect occupy an essential place. Recently, thinking has begun to be understood as a particular type of cognitive activity. By introducing the category of activity into the psychology of thinking, the opposition between...

“The Consciousness Illusion”: Main Themes, Arguments, and Influences

The article by Keith Frankish dwells on the phenomenon of human consciousness and provides arguments for the theory, which views consciousness as an illusion. The idea behind this theory relies on the way our brains process information from the outside world to create a representation of the reality within which...

The “Manipulating Our Perception of Time” Documentary

Human beings have a different perception of time that is associated with cognitive functions, such as attention. Time perception is the individual’s subjective experience of the period passed and the duration of events perceived. This helps create a memory of an event that allows the individual to form a belief...

The Danger of “Having a Single Story”

Introduction People are always irritated when perceived as stereotypical representatives of a certain group instead of unique individuals. In her TED Talk, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie described several examples of such treatment and referred to it as “having a single story” about something (TED 00:02:50-00:02:58). In other words, a single story...

Assimilation and Accommodation Concepts Exemplified

Introduction There are processes that children use as they construct their knowledge of the world. Concepts of accommodation and assimilation are two examples of ideas that are important in the learning process development. Therefore, accommodation and assimilation are a response to knowledge acquisition in which the brain either makes the...

The Concept of Psychological Well-Being

Introduction Well-being is considered the sensation of pleasant emotions such as peace and satisfaction in response to implementing one’s capabilities, having some authority over one’s existence, having a sense of meaning, and having healthy connections. It is a stable state that permits people or a community to grow and flourish....

Benefits of Educational Sensory Toys for Children

Name and Aspect of Development Cognitive development describes the capacity for children to reason, process information, and express varied emotions, which is often enabled through board games (Dauch et al., 2018). The toy will serve as a guide to help children learn new cognitive skills as they interact with it....

Dual-Store Model of Memory in Psychology

Storing information is a vital part of the human learning experience that proves human limitation through cognition. A limitation that is fundamental to brain functioning by exploring the capacity and duration of information storage. There are three parts of memory according to the dual-store memory. The sensory register is part...

Importance of Being Skilled in Critical Thinking

Being skilled in critical thinking is assessing your thinking in a systematic manner, examining every aspect of it, evaluating its quality, and then improving it. We must develop logical conclusions based on well-informed assumptions and thoroughly comprehend our own point of view and examine all pertinent points of view. Reasoning...

The Role of Color in Memorizing Operations

Introduction Memory is involved in processing information in the mind, and its performance can be enhanced. Color is among the many variables that give rise to memorizing operations, and so it is a significant visual experience to humans. This makes colored images to be a powerful information conduit to the...

Brain Games: Are They an Anti-Aging Potion?

This article falls under the area of that behavioral intervention can improve the human brain’s cognitive functions. Scientists are of the opinion that brain training games have a direct impact on cognition and the ability to stimulate activities, proving a person’s mental fitness. According to Al-Thaqib (2018), after the experiment,...

Personal Hardship and Critical Thinking Strategies

Introduction Personal hardships might seem overwhelming and impossible to overcome by numerous people. Nowadays, when faced with pandemics, such hardships are seen in a more fatalistic manner. Unfortunately, I suffer from mental issues for the same reason as these individuals: the uncertainty surrounding the pandemics and the panic around it....

Qualities That Humans and Animals Share

Introduction Although many people are used to separating people and animals, there are many stories that prove the fact that they share the same qualities and sometimes use the same approaches in solving various matters. For example, in the text My Life with the Chimpanzees, Dr. Jane Goodall discovered that...

Cognition: Outcomes of a Conversation With a Teenager

Many changes occur during the adolescent phase of a human’s development. The brain changes, and as they interact with society and acquire knowledge, experience, and social demands, these variables produce unprecedented cognitive development. The changes in the thinking of an adolescent can even exceed the more obvious physical change. The...

Sensory Details in Imagination and False Memories

Researchers can conduct specific experiments to test a particular cognitive construction. Thus, Thomas et al. (2003) organized two experiments to determine how repetition and sensory elaboration contribute to the imagination inflation effect. The authors focused on the idea that false memories can emerge due to a specific memory characteristic, including...

Common Sense, Psychological, and Sociological Ways of Thinking

Common sense thinking relies on personal experience and offers the most popular way of explaining a situation. Psychological thinking focuses on evidence to assess and describe people’s behavior. The sociological way of thinking considers the social structure and a human role within it to explain how the environment affects people....

Sense of Smell: Recent Study by Swedish Scientists

I selected a news story that describes a recent study by Swedish scientists from the Karolinska Institutet who investigated the sense of smell. They made an unexpected discovery and refuted the traditional view of the relationship between smell and avoidance behavior. This news story appears attractive because it highlights that...

Operational and Theoretical Discourse Categories

Operational and theoretical are connected discourse categories that describe two basic types of scientific and cognitive activity, as well as the structural components and levels of knowledge that result from these activities. The operational and theoretical typology is founded, first and foremost, on the separation of operational and theoretical research...

Why Facts Don’t Change Our Minds

Introduction Most individuals tend to stay rigid to their false beliefs to an extent that it is almost impossible for facts to change their minds. In the article ‘Why Facts Don’t Change Our Minds’ by James Clear, the author tries to explain why facts cannot change people’s opinions concerning given...

The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

Review of Cognitive Assessment The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children – Second Edition (KABC – II) is used for assessing the cognitive abilities of children from 2 to 12 years old (Lichtenberger & Kaufman, 2010). The Second addition extends the age range and can be used for children from 3...

Troxler’s Fading Optical Illusion and Information Processing

Troxler’s Fading or Troxler’s Effect represents in the form of a blurry image of something. A person looking at his image has not to blink for some seconds to discern a depiction. Troxler’s Effect is a visual phenomenon of human perception people might experience while looking at the picture (Paw,2019)....

The Implicit Association Test: Perception of Other People’s Race and Ethnicity

Introduction The attitude of an individual towards another race or ethnicity is deeply rooted and rarely reported. Implicit Association Test (IAT) assesses perceptions and beliefs that human beings might dislike or are incapable of saying (Harvard University, 2011; Schimmack, 2021, p. 396). Interestingly, IAT helps people be conscious of the...

Cognitive Conflict Theory in Everyday Use

As a two-day experiment in which I had to develop and apply a strategy for cognitive improvement, I chose the strategy of cognitive conflict. This type of thinking is quite often used in teaching the exact sciences and has attracted my attention due to its declared effectiveness. Cognitive conflict implies...

Absolute and Difference Thresholds in Sensation

A reaction arrives at a physiological edge when it can energize tangible receptors and send nerve driving forces to the mind. A message beneath that edge is supposed to be subconscious. The message is prepared; however, we are not intentionally mindful of it. An absolute threshold is the littlest measure...

Categorization of Information and Mnemonic Devices

There are many ways to organize concepts, but one of the most effective methods is by using categories. Categories can be broad or specific; the variation will be dependent on the content to be covered by an individual. The superordinate concept is one of the categories that individuals use to...

“The Journey Toward Literacy Begins in Infancy” by Fahey & Forman

Introduction The article “The Journey Toward Literacy Begins in Infancy: The Reach Out and Read Innovation” was written by Jean Ciborowski Fahey and Judith Forman and published in Childhood Education in 2012. It focuses on the operations of an organization called Reach Out and Read, the main goal of which...

Psychology of Language Perception

A language that is understood by the representatives of different communities regardless of their background, native language and culture can be called universal. To understand language, humans have to identify the sounds or letters used, retrieve the meaning of words combined from these letters or sounds, build the syntactic structure,...

Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder by Boucher & Anns

The question of the study The authors of the “Memory, Learning and Language in Autism Spectrum Disorder” study, Jill Boucher and Sophie Anns, addressed the issue of memory in the context of people with an autism spectrum disorder. More specifically, the central topic is discussed in its relation to the...

Ways to Recover Memories in Long-Term Memory

The short-term memory stores almost all the information received at some point in time on the senses. However, in this form, it is not stored for long: only a few seconds. If people cannot hold information in short-term memory, working memory cannot process such information. As far as long-term memory...

Relation of Sensation and Perception

The human brain can be considered the central organ of the human body that controls everything from physical to emotional activity. Scientists and scholars have studied the connection between the brain and processes that flow in people’s bodies, emotions and reactions. This paper analyzes the interconnection between sensation and perception,...

Aspects of Cognition v. Emotion

Human beings are expected to make decisions daily, mostly based on moral reasoning. Unlike other species, human beings are faced with moral and ethical challenges that demand logical and moral reasoning. People make different decisions in similar circumstances, an issue that has been a debate for many years. The question...

“Is Google Making Us Stupid?” Essay by Nicholas Carr

In “Is Google Making Us Stupid?”, published in an online magazine The Atlantic on July 1, 2008, Nicholas Carr explains the significant effect the Internet has on cognitive patterns and behavior. Providing evidence from his own and others’ experiences, as well as citing conducted studies and historical accounts, Carr builds...

Dealing With the Consequences of a Near Miss

In this essay, I would like to discuss how a person’s mind and body are affected by almost getting in a car accident due to heavy rain while driving home on a busy highway with a lot of traffic. Many drivers had a situation at least once in their lives...

Effective Studying and Memory Enhancing Tips

One can put more study hours, but it does not necessarily imply that they are understanding the study material. Effective study can mean having efficient and brief study sessions that ultimately improve performance and study outcomes. Various ways to study more effectively include setting oneself up for achievement, studying smarter,...

Cognitive Processing and Deep Learning Articles

Background The cognitive approach of the human being primarily comprises sensation, recall, reasoning, and knowledge reproduction. Therefore, cognitive psychology examines how these characteristics of the human mind combine to generate knowledge. This paper aims to summarize two experiments: Understanding emotions in text using deep learning and big data (Chatterjee et...

Social Psychology: Definitions

Fundamental attribution error happens when a person believes that others’ behavior reflects who they are when in reality people’s actions are impacted by many factors. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation that the person believes to be true, which in end helps them to fulfill it. Cognitive dissonance is a...

Overcoming Cognitive Biases

The halo effect is one of the cognitive biases that indicate how an individual’s overall impression influences how others feel and think about them. For instance, a person who is considered ‘nice’ influences other evaluations, such as smartness. A single attribute can persuade people of all other aspects of a...

Motivation Process in Humans

Psychoanalytic Theory This theory was advanced by Sigmund Freud. It states that the human behavior is determined by the sexual and aggressive drives that result from irrational forces, instincts, and the subconscious (Sulloway, 1992). Given these considerations, human behavior can be determined. Therefore, from the factors that determine the behavior...

Human Memory Compared to Computer

Human brains’ cognitive functions and abilities of the neural system are enormous comparing to the majority of other mammals. Myriads of intricate connections of neurons and the plasticity of various brain structures underline humankind’s theoretical and practical achievements. Finally, the emergence of numerous cultures, complex societal arrangements, and tangible achievements...

Theory of Mind and Its Application to Social Work

Background The chosen theory for consideration in this paper is the theory of mind (ToM), originally developed by David Premack and Guyn Woodruff in 1978. ToM has gained traction over the years, especially in the field of psychology. Psychologists rely on this theory to assess an individual’s “degree of capacity...

Role of Perception in Cognitive Psychology

Introduction Cognitive psychology refers to the process of investigating one’s ability to perceive, learn, remember, think, reason, and understand (Lu & Dosher, 2007). Essentially, cognition studies the process of acquiring and applying information or knowledge. Perception forms an integral part of cognition. Perception explores the process of constructing subjective analyses...

Emotions, Motivation, Needs, and Approaches to Personality

Human behavior is driven by emotions experienced after contact with the external and external environment of a person. Scholars have studied emotions and discovered that certain brain areas are more active during experiences of feelings. However, there seems to be no consensus on the exact biochemical constitution or physiological mechanism...

Case Studies of Patients with Anxiety, Mood Disturbances

Case 1 Background Information The patient in the first case is Mr. Jones, and, according to his records, he comes from a loving and supportive full family. He also reports no behavioral deviations until the initial alcohol consumption at the age of 14 years old. The patient has completed high...

Creativity and Influence of Positive and Negative Emotions

Creativity is an essential and valuable skill for every human. This paper argues the combination of positive and negative emotions is most beneficial for creativity. Every type of emotion, positive or negative, has a massive impact on the functioning and activity of the human brain. According to a study by...

Personal Constructs Theory on Human Disturbances

Personal constructs theory by Gorge Kelly states that human emotions are affected by an individual’s mood, actions, behaviors, and feelings. Individuals develop personal constructs on how they view the world. Kelly developed four elements in most human disturbances, such as fear, threats, anxiety, and guilt, which play a significant role...

The Science of Creativity in Modern Society

From the past weeks in the course, many lessons can be drawn from the science of creativity, one of which concerns the environmental conditions that affect the process of creativity. From the creative press, a person can also learn lessons about understanding the kind of creative people, which can help...

Short-Term Memory as a Psychological Concept

Introduction Memory is the system, which enables to encode, store, and retrieve obtained information over time. It is related to brain functioning and also can be considered as the faculty of it. The use of memory is involved in any human beings’ activity, as it is based on the received...

The Implicit Association Test: The Behavior of an Individual

Implicit Association Test is a test that aims to discover and measure the implicit bias of a person taking it. In the time of taking the test, a person needs to react quickly and answer questions that divide concepts into two categories (Harvard’s Project Implicit, 2021). Despite people making their...

Language & Cognitive Processes of Reasoning

The cognitive process of reasoning/knowledge is an essential process related to learning, problem-solving, decision-making, and language. According to Socher et al. (2020), language and reasoning are interrelated processes, with language influencing “analogical reasoning ability” and reasoning “helping to detect new linguistic meanings” (p. 1). The primary functions of reasoning are...

Definition of Cognitive Psychology and the History of Cognitive Psychology

Background Cognitive psychology studies how people receive information about the world, how it is presented to humans, how it is stored in memory and transformed into knowledge, and how it affects our attention and behavior. Cognitive psychology encompasses the full range of psychological processes, and covers all kinds of behavioral...

Cognitive Learning and IQ Tests

Most of the existing IQ tests measure general intelligence level, which is due to the relative ease of their preparation. If I were to create such a tool for psychological measurement, then I would include tasks for working memory, space perception, and arithmetic abilities. IQ tests must be standardized, which...