The theory of structuration proposed by Anthony Giddens offers perspectives on the varied human behavior based on the synthesis of agency and structure effects. The structuration model asserts that human action’s capacity is influenced by different facets of the society, such as the robust, stable societal structures and an individual’s...
The cognitive behavior supervisory model allows working with patients on two distinct elements – their cognition and behavior. They learn how to identify a problem and develop a strategy for addressing it. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) became one of the most commonly used forms of supervision in psychotherapy. This approach allows...
Introduction It is hard to disagree that there may be various challenges while parents raise their children, and they need to be fully aware of the ways to make this process more comfortable and correct. One such issue that can make parents confused and ask professionals for help is child...
Being an inefficient learner is one of the fears that most students have once they start their academic progress. However, for most students, this fear becomes comparatively manageable as they learn to build a skill set needed for adequate management of school tasks. Nonetheless, some students fail to gain relevant...
Introduction The notion of stress is familiar to probably all people of the modern world. People experience stress on a daily basis. They face various situations that provoke stressful feelings and rise of emotions. The word “stress” is usually associated with something negative. However, stress is not always about something...
Motivation is a special feature attached to psychological, cognitive, and behavioral areas in the life of a human being. Motivation is a “driving force that compels an action towards a desired goal in life, and psychiatrists argue that motivation is an impulse that optimizes a person’s well-being by minimizing physical...
Introduction Conflict denotes hindrances between people or groupings of individuals that have dissimilar objectives, ideals, anticipations, and rationales. Conflicts normally occur at the personal, group, and organizational levels where competition, in addition to personal achievement, is emphasized more than interdependence. In a conflict, it is normally easy to determine the...
Abstract Studies indicate increased deviant behavior among college students particularly, the newly admitted students. In fact, deviant behavior among the college fresh students has remained a major concern for educational institutions. The determination of the causes and impacts of the behavior would increase the understanding of the behavior and enable...
Abstract Perfect health is desirable, but those who can claim to be perfectly healthy are scanty. Conditions such as the bipolar disorder ensure that the balance that is necessary for perfect health remains elusive. It is a condition that characterized by alternating patterns of depressed and elated moods, which make...
Comparing and contrasting grieving models Waldrop (2007) defines grief as a complex response to loss or death. The grieving process is characterized by psychological, emotional, and social distress. Death is an unavoidable phase of life and everyone has to experience grief at some point. Brosche (2007) indicates that grieving among...
Introduction Psychologists have conducted numerous studies to develop the most appropriate model to guide the grieving cycle. Grief is an emotional process that is associated with the loss of loved ones or property that has sentimental value. According to findings from psychological researchers in the past, it is essential for...
Bereavement The term bereavement is defined as a time of sorrow, especially after the demise of someone close such as a spouse. It is an impartial state of deprivation that usually occurs as a result of death, and is commonly escorted by grief. There are two types of bereavement; include...
Grief and bereavement are responses to personal loss. According to Witcutt (2006), “personal loss results from the death of a person or after losing something precious”. There are different behaviors, thoughts, emotions, and feelings that come with grief (Young & Dowling, 2012). Although grief is an emotional response to loss,...
Professional Caregivers also need to care for themselves. This is to avoid the occurrence of compassion fatigue, a condition that is characterized by chronic stress resulting from excessive blaming to bottled-up emotions. Professional caregivers have the responsibility to deal with this condition, which should be done by developing a mechanism...
Introduction Human health is a very important aspect of human development from birth till his/her death. From research carried out in North America, it has been found out that the health statuses of various people vary and are dependent on aspects such as economic well being, social aspects and gender...
People with challenging behaviors need utmost care and understanding. These help a lot in making them fit in the community. It is noteworthy that when these individuals are not well taken care of they end up being a nuisance to the community. Most importantly, the response of those around them...
Trust in a Team Any leader should be worthy of trust in the team. Sometimes this can be quite difficult, but it is a necessary success factor, especially when making changes to the work. To be a source of trust, people sometimes need to work hard. For this, it is...
Generosity is described as a virtue of giving out liberally without anticipating payback. In religion, this aspect has been regarded as a way of life-enhancing a person’s daily life (well-being). Research has shown generous people as having happier lives and living more pro-social lives. It is also true that helping-out...
Introduction There is an argument that strain or stress is the major cause of criminal promotion. He develops the theory of stress and strain to include various causes of stress or strain. Agnew brings about three kinds of strain that cause deviance: these include the failure to attain positively valued...
“Emotional intelligence is the innate potential to feel, use, communicate, recognize, remember, describe, identify, learn from, manage, understand and explain emotions” (Bradberry, 2009). Emotional intelligence is vital particularly in management and leadership because it helps ease the management of one’s emotions, and that of a group of individuals. In the...
Shedler (2008) describes behavioral approaches as based on the assumption that individuals are generally shaped by learning and socio-cultural environment. The main characteristics of behavior therapy mainly focus on observable behavior, current determinants of behavior, change promoting learning experiences, and rigorous assessment and evaluation (Goodwin, 2005). The main focus of...
The theory of Cognitive behavior was chiefly propagated by B. F. Skinner who had profound impact on behaviorism. The approach is a largely deterministic and historical movement. However, it differs from the psychodynamic view of human behavior. The approach focuses on objective, measurable phenomena (Shedler, 2008). View of Human Nature,...
In an increasingly competitive world, many organizations are adopting methods aimed at maximizing all their available resources to effectively achieve their set goals. Industrial /Organizational Psychology has therefore been increasingly integrated into organizational management in recent years. Industrial and organizational psychology is a field concerned with workplace behavior. It applies...
Behaviorism is a psychological theory that explains the actions of living creatures. The application of the model in practice covers the behavior that a person or animal expresses concerning a specific object or situation. This theory took momentum in the 20th century when American and European researchers experimented between dependent...
Introduction Both psychology and neuroscience pay considerable attention to learning and memory as phenomena. Different approaches and methods have evolved, allowing the researchers to study multiple aspects of memory and learning from different perspectives. In particular, the cognitive approach in psychology and functional magnetic resonance imagery in neuroscience complement each...
Examples of Implicit and Explicit Biases The existence of implicit and explicit biases is an unfortunate side effect of the human condition. Through the process of socialization, people gain knowledge of their environment, themselves, and other individuals. Biases are constructed when the human brain attempts to understand a complex issue...
Nowadays, different successful startups and companies appear every month, while the bigger and older ones become even more powerful. It made me wonder what the key to a company’s success is, and how these small ideas grow into real companies that make life better. At the beginning of the research,...
Lower-level behavior of employees impedes the actions and progress of others. Whining is one of the most common forms that means that a person acknowledges a problem but takes no action to resolve it (Hoffmann, 2016). Cynicism and pessimism serve to attract attention and extract sympathy from others (Wong, 2007)....
Introduction In the current paper, results of the pre-test in Chapter 1 will be discussed, and the ambiguity of the sub-theories and frameworks of behaviorism will be addressed. Moreover, an explanation of how association doctrine and connectionism developed the foundations of behaviorism will be presented. Further, the stimulus-response model and...
Abstract The way a person builds their relationships as an adult, mainly when referring to intimate relationships, is mostly affected by their childhood experiences. Many contemporary researchers and psychology practitioners use this theory to explain adults’ maladaptive behaviors towards their partners. Bowlby developed it in an attempt to explain the...
Introduction Defining and gauging temperaments and personality types appear to be one of the cornerstone activities in trait psychology. In attempts to measure human personality, an array of models and tests have been created. The Big Five Model seems to be one of the most recognized methods to define the...
Nurture has long been accepted as one of the most important components of a traditional behaviorist approach. Initially, both Skinner and Watson wanted the science of human behavior to become as rigorous as physics, which is why they considered it imperative to chart only measurable and observable responses. According to...
In today’s society, the issue of stress and stress-related health problems is especially critical. To regain physical and mental well-being, it is essential to discover some useful tools against stress. However, we cannot fully solve the problem if we do not know the nature behind it. That is why I...
Introduction School-aged children are characterized by increased conversational and analytical skills and the capacity to understand the concept of cause and effect. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2018), they feel a sense of fulfillment when acquiring new skills. However, at this age, children lack the knowledge about bodies...
People’s perceptions are mostly manipulated by social conventions known as schemata. Cognitive schemata are mental formations which constitute expectations and judgment about the world and influence an individual’s image of a particular person or situation. There are four major cognitive schemata: personal construct, prototype, script, and stereotype (Augoustinos & Walker,...
Problem-solving strategies are an essential part of all the possible spheres of life: regular day-to-day life, business, and politics. That is why it is also vital to differentiate various techniques as their advantages can contribute more depending on the situation. Being aware of those differences guarantees an individual and a...
Introduction A tier 3 intervention is a model where customized activities are developed to resolve students’ challenges in their social, academic, or behavioral lives. It is different from Tier 1 and Tier 2 interventions since it is intensive and more individualized. It is more explicit and developed to facilitate the...
The theoretical basis is crucial for effective therapeutic interventions within the scope of mental health issues. Effective counseling practice requires thoughtful consideration of the clients’ needs and applying the most appropriate approaches to meet those needs and ensure successful healing. The abundance of theories within the counseling practice provides professionals...
Gestures are an essential component of typical communication. Conveying just as much information as speech, they often serve as complementary sources of crucial insights about people involved in a conversation. Therefore, it is crucial to perform a kinesics-based analysis of the communication style used by participants (Rowe & Levine, 2015)....
Introduction Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a therapy approach that was developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s. It is a therapy approach that involves the identification and replacement of negative behaviors with positive ones. It is founded on three core principles, namely activating agent, beliefs, and consequences. Individuals...
Introduction Childhood can be a stressful period in a person’s life. Although stress is a natural and necessary part of growth, it can have significant negative effects on the development of a child’s brain. When a person experiences stress, his or her body produces cortisol, a hormone that controls the...
The ethics of a larger system, such as the school, involving the Juvenile Office requires that the involvement should be based on the available evidence. Schools should determine whether involving outside systems is necessary or not based on the carefully gathered and evaluated data with the goal of improving the...
Leadership is an intrinsic capacity useful in influencing people to accomplish specific goals in life. Good leadership style is characterized by some values, and determining them is instrumental in ensuring the expected outputs are achieved. Moreover, leadership is strongly linked to the personality of an individual resulting in diverse types...
There are different options that analysts use to reduce inappropriate actions and behaviors of children and adults. One of such methods is an extinction procedure that withholds reinforcement rather than adding or removing a cause of the issue. This essay will discuss the concept of extinction and provide real-world examples...
The organizational environment represents a rather rigid structure where a specific hierarchy coexists with very rigid standards for employees’ behaviors and attitudes. Although the contemporary business setting creates an illusion of a very flexible environment , the principal constructs of the leader representing a role model and setting the key...
Modern people are constantly faced with a variety of difficulties and obstacles. They perceive these situations differently: it is common for some to be anxious and depressed, while others overcome challenges with ease and even excitement. One way or another of perception of reality, as a rule, accompanies a person...
Researching Mindfulness and Technology The article “Mindfulness and the Social Media” discusses how the concept of mindfulness can be used in the treatment of social media addiction. It includes a brief overview of problems related to excessive social media usage, a description of the concepts of mindfulness and mindlessness, and...
One of the most challenging tasks is finding one’s place in life, and it is accompanied by the necessity to continuously achieve goals and strive for success in any possible way. Such a position creates intense pressure and leads to the emergence of stress and, as a consequence, a state...
As Price (2018) argues, “Procastinators can will themselves to work for hours; they can sit in front of a blank word document, doing nothing else, and torture themselves; they can pile on the guilt again and again — none of it makes initiating the task any easier. In fact, their...
Introduction When it comes to understanding emotions, our society has a surprisingly poor awareness. Courage is a prime example of a commonly misunderstood feeling. The Cambridge Dictionary defines it as the quality that makes you able to do dangerous or difficult things. Many people make a mistake of equating courage...
Introduction Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a psychological treatment approach that has been empirically demonstrated to be effective in addressing a range of psychiatric issues and mental health problems, ranging from depression and anxiety to addiction and substance abuse disorders. It relies on teaching the patient alternative ways to cope with their...
Introduction One of the essential stages in achieving success is determining the desired state, one’s future, in which one wants to be. It allows people to formulate a clear description of the desired state that they want to achieve by completing a specific action plan. Moreover, the result of the...
Abstract Mental illnesses can affect all members of a society irrespective of gender, ethnicity, and social status. Cases of discrimination and prejudice continue to be associated with these conditions. The malpractice makes it impossible for the patients to pursue their goals and lead high-quality lives. The completed study has identified...
Different stress-coping techniques can be used to deal with various types of stressors. In my life, I differentiate between cognitive, social, and emotional stressors. The main cognitive stressor is my studies and the amount of information that I have to process daily. The cognitive symptoms of stress include anxiety, fear,...
On the life path, people play various roles in different situations, becoming either leaders or subordinates. In particular, I felt this distribution of roles during my school years. Even though this cannot be called full-fledged work, school is one of the most influential organizations in human life. I would like...
Employees who work in the sphere of business and economics often face numerous situations that require their ability to identify and solve various problems. As a rule, this process is maintained in a particular ordinary way, but sometimes workers perform the behavior that is unusual for them. They may perceive...
Introduction Behavioral modification is a term used to refer to the process or technique that individuals employ to induce, increase or reduce a particular variety of reactions or behavior to a stimulus. The aim of applying behavioral modification is either to encourage a particular pleasant characteristic or to discourage the...
Controversies Regarding the Article In the article “Randomized Prevention Trail for Early Conduct Problems: Effects on Proactive Parenting and Links to Toddler Disruptive Behaviour” by Frances Gardner, Daniel Shaw, Thomas Dishon, Jenifer Burton and Lauren Supplee, the authors showcases the development stages that children go through as they grow up....
To be competitive in today’s business environment, every organization has to embrace change and be able to change with the current trends. Managers need to communicate to their staff the introduction of a new change in the organization and how the change will affect them (Costello, 1994). Organizations fail in...
Behavioral therapy is a type of treatment that focuses on an individual’s feelings and thought processes with the purpose of treating various psychological problems. One of the forms of behavioral therapy is cognitive-behavior therapy, which combines the practices of behavioral and cognitive theories. The strategies used in cognitive-behavior therapy can...
The human mental programming is an essential part of social interactions and it facilitates behavioural patterns. The programming consists of three major levels: personality, culture and human nature. At the bottom of the human mental programming pyramid is human nature, which is a highly basic level. It is known to...
In 2008, one of the worst disasters in the country’s history hit Burma. The disaster was popularly referred to as the Cyclone Nargis, which caused landfall in some parts of the country on Friday, May 2, 2008. In the disaster, property worth millions of dollars and human lives were lost....
Introduction After a crisis event, people can exhibit different reactions that, to some extent, correlate with their attitude towards the event itself. Nevertheless, all of them need professional help or a program to help cope with mental issues that might arise if no intervention is administered. In the given case...
Reinforcement Schedules Although we might not notice reinforcement schedules, they are present in our daily lives. For instance, when I was I child, my mother regularly rewarded me for good marks by buying me chocolates, ice-creams, candies, and so on. Therefore, I was doing my best at school because I...
Introduction Motivation may be defined as a psychological intrinsic phenomenon that tends to control certain individual behaviors and may be dependent on direction and focus of behavior, level of effort and perseverance. Psychological researches have shown that motivation may be linked to a basic need, a specific need or other...
Introduction The theories of consumer behavior stem from several premises. Although these theories vary, it can be stated that the main presupposition is that the consumer always attempts to act rationally, i.e. strives to extract the maximum benefit and usefulness out of a buying decision. It should be noted that...
Individual behavior is a term that is used to refer to the pattern of the behaviors in reference to the individual thought and emotions which are so unique to each individual and the way this person will interact with other people will positively or negatively influence the situation. Individual behavior...
Introduction Spanking or striking children as a method to correct bad behaviour has been widely used by parents in many cultures as a primary means of discipline, particularly among younger children. Lately, though, this disciplinary technique has been the subject of criticism among experts who have adopted a philosophy of...
Introduction Our group of thirteen members undertook the challenge of climbing Mount Everest. Reaching Mount Everest is very challenging, but we undertook the tour with the aim of bonding and strengthening personal ties amongst us. We had a wonderful experience that helped us learn a lot about each other. Apart...
Introduction Motivation is the process that begins with a psychological or physiological need that helps in activating behaviors that are directed towards the achievement of specific goals. Various theories are useful in explaining how employees are motivated and offer suggestions for how motivation in the workplace can be enhanced. This...
Introduction There is general agreement among members of the society that education is of great importance to the youth. However, some disagreements arise concerning which subjects should be taught in school. One subject that faces significant controversy is the inclusion of sex education in the curriculum of middle grade students....
Definitions Panopticon – this term underscores an architectural manifestation of the surveillance and power dynamics applied in any town or area where there was a plague infection. Jeremy Bentahm came up with the diagrammatic equivalent of this system of surveillance and discipline by sketching and annular tower surrounded by prison...