The behavioral perspective in psychology is also frequently referred to as behaviorism theory. The behaviorism theory originates from a 1913 article, “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It,” written by American psychologist John Broadus Watson. In his education, Watson primarily studied philosophy but then transitioned into psychology and studies of animal...
Introduction Bandura’s social cognitive theory (SCT) is among the interpersonal models that find multiple applications in healthcare and behavior change interventions to promote patients’ well-being. The theory was proposed by Bandura to display the links between human behaviors and their determinants, including a person’s environment, personal-level factors, and cognitive or...
Introduction Suicide is the act of intentionally taking causing one’s death. Suicide is a huge public health issue that affects people all around the globe. An estimated 0.8 million individuals die by suicide each year throughout the world, and an even more significant number of people make suicide attempts (Yasuma...
Introduction Whether a person engages in deviant behavior or not is predefined by society and the norms that dominate it. Thus deviation is an act or behavior that violates social norms. However, while such behavior might be either intentional or unintentional, deviance might have long-term effects on an individual’s self-image....
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) is a type of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and one of the most effective approaches for treating depression. However, there are other types of therapies that use similar techniques to achieve results. It should be noted that, more often than not, similar therapies have a more...
Scientists can define a human being by their physical characteristics. People who are able to behave sensibly decide on which decisions to make or not to make. The decision-making process mirrors people’s values that lead them to decide on what steps to preempt to solve any controversial issues (TEDx Talks,...
Various researchers emphasize different components of a motivational interview. The spirit of motivational interviewing is based on three elements: collaboration of a social worker and a patient, evocation or encouraging patients to provide personal reasons to change their behavior, and a focus on the patient’s autonomy as only patients have...
Mental exercises can be beneficial for overall performance and improved ability to concentrate and deal with difficult taks. Although they are not as effective as physical activities, the research found that mental work can substantially contribute to achievements in various fields, such as sport, music, medicine, and others (Toth et...
Operant conditioning is a type of learning process based on association of certain behavior with negative or positive result. The positive, or desired result, is called reinforcement, whereas the negative result is punishment. The stimulus can be either added or removed based on the aim of the training person to...
Terry Ahwal’s personal essay discusses the dangers of fear and the importance of controlling it to avoid the harm it can cause. The author supplements her call for overcoming fear with deeply moving personal examples from her life in the Middle East and the USA. Yet while the general point...
Summary Profile Tait is an intelligent young boy in elementary school. Multiple challenges are making it difficult for Tait to succeed in all aspects of development. The major problems facing Tait include autism spectrum disorder which he has battled since he was two years old. This makes it difficult for...
Introduction Deviant behavior poses a threat to society, so scientists still elaborate on new theories explaining its origins. In their research, Antonietta Curci and Romy Greco found that strain and stress are factors leading to inner-directed forms of deviant behavior such as substance intake and gambling supplemented by negative emotions...
Nowadays, there is a variety of sources providing information about deviance and crime. I usually get information about these issues from TV programs, specialized YouTube channels, publications in social media, and websites. Deviance describes any conduct, trait, or belief that breaches social norms in a certain society or group. Deviance...
Introduction This situation describes several problems and a few bad news e-mails that Henry Lai receives. It is rather challenging to determine one common problem of these letters; after all, not all the problems voiced in the situation resulted from this person’s guilt. However, Henry Lai still had several errors...
Introduction Adolescence is a delicate and exploratory time in life. These formative years are instrumental in a young person’s mental, physical, and emotional development. The implications of technological advancements within the cyber world have had a growing negative impact on this specific age group. Constant interaction defines this generation as...
The instances in which people choose to lie to themselves due to the presence of social conditioning and pressure typically slip under the radar. However, considering these situations closer is important in order to discover the ways of self-improvement and, ultimately, a path to a better and happier life. In...
Communication Emotional intelligence (EI) is one’s ability to effectively and correctly perceive, manage, and regulate emotions, and to use that information to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously. EI is embedded in culture, and according to Mohammed (2018), culture affects people’s perception of what constitutes intelligence behavior. The capacity to properly regulate...
Steve Jobs presented a memorable speech that has been used for academic purposes for several years. At the commencement speech at Stanford, Jobs (2005, 0:04:58- 0:05:16) narrates his story and says, “Of course, it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was...
Introduction During the historical development, many theories and practices have arisen regarding human psychology. One of the basic books is the Bible, while theories put forward by modern and historical authors often gain and lose their popularity. One of the well-known theories is the theory of the tendencies of human...
The debate about nature and nurture is one of the most important controversies associated with human life. On the one hand, human behavior is determined by natural factors: genes embedded in them. Based on this, they acquire certain character traits and inclinations that affect all areas of life. On the...
Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Learning, according to Bandura, involves more than merely a shift in attitude. Learning is the acquisition of knowledge and the development of conduct based on that knowledge (Basri et al., 2020). Bandura believes that the challenge of thought phenomena is overvalued or only partially studied,...
Groups and meetings are events which are mainly created by individuals to put in efforts together and work towards achieving the same objective. Group work and meeting are only effective when the group members and the group leaders follow the required guidelines for a successful meeting. In the case of...
There are lessons that people can learn from history, especially from states: harmful effects of dehumanization during wartime and aggression in the bipolar world. In this paper, I will demonstrate these lessons using studies of Vietnam and the Cold Wars through the prism of Albert Bandura’s theory. Albert Bandura is...
Introduction There are multiple benefits to studying behavioral psychology at a professional level, including the opportunity to evaluate and even design behavior modification (BM) strategies that would be effective across diverse settings. As a commonly used treatment approach, BM finds extensive use in self-management and relationship regulation in the family....
Military to Civilian Life Transition While military service is demanding and challenging, reintegration into society and civilian life also poses challenges. According to Parker et al. (2019), 27% of veterans say that re-entry was difficult for them. Emotionally traumatic experiences in the army contribute to poor quality of life after...
People face numerous challenges and difficulties throughout life. Hence it may be crucial to develop a proper, systemic approach to coping with problems. Establishing resilience in order to overcome life difficulties may be the key to problem-solving. There are several steps that may contribute to the achievement of that goal....
Many studies have put forward arguments that the state of mind of a normal person can be easily altered following the underlying scenario in which the individual is subjected (Dittmann 68). Human beings tend to behave differently to enable their survival within a group of people or in society. Flexibility...
The main ideas of the passage: Improve in studying habits. Improve in romantic relationships. Understanding eating disorders. Overcoming fear of spiders. Experiments on animals usually make students bored and uninterested in studying them. However, aspects derived from these experiments can improve studying habits and romantic relationships. Also, help people to...
Almost everybody sometimes feels dissatisfaction with somebody or even their behavior. As for me, I often postpone important things that should be done as soon as possible. Procrastination is that kind of unfavorable behavior that I would not mind extinguishing. I suppose that in that case, reinforcement would be more...
Learning Cognitive-Behavior Therapy The third chapter by Wright, Basco, and Thase (2017) discusses the strategies for assessing patients to decide whether they are suitable for cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). Furthermore, the authors present the elements that help one to initiate and plan CBT for individual patients. In the first part of...
A person’s behavior affects how they appear in society’s eyes and how it reacts to them. Proponents of the concept of behaviorism believe that the human body begins to behave in a certain way because it was forced to do so. The behavior that I would like to change is...
The theory of learning requires the analysis of the correlations between stimuli and reactions. The understanding of these connections helps to identify their role in human life. Sensitization, habituation, and classical conditioning are the learning processes that help to explain human behavior. Sensitization is the learning process associated with the...
With the innovational advancement in spacecraft and observational technology, there is a growing demand on the cosmonauts resilient to stress and adaptation challenges. Notwithstanding, there are different stages with comparing objectives which incorporate adjusting towards the new space climate, setting productive work systems or schedules, planning for the Mars arrival,...
Communication is an essential aspect of human interaction, as evidenced in modern societies. Analyzing people is vital for enhancing social cohesion and objective conflict resolution among individuals. As a result, this discussion presents a review on practical mechanisms of analyzing people by Katherine Chambers. The book How to analyze people:...
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a kind of treatment presented by Albert Ellis during the 1950s. It is a methodology that causes you recognize unreasonable convictions and negative idea designs that may prompt enthusiastic or social issues. He alludes that not actuating occasion but individual conduct and musings lead...
Introduction Communication apprehension refers to the fear and anxiety experienced by a person when they communicate with someone else or a group of people. It is a psychological response to the stress that comes when addressing people, and since the body perceives this communication as a stressor, it responds with...
Psychological progress entered everyday life and the humanitarian attitude to the upbringing of children was shaped, but some people still regard infliction as an appropriate disciplinary measure. I strongly disagree with this archaic approach and, as a parent, I would never intend to punish my child, meanwhile, I find using...
The Case Formulation Approach This reading presents the concept of case formulation in cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) and explains its importance as well as its main elements. In the beginning, Persons (2008) describes the scheme on which every case formulation is built. Such elements as assessment, case formulation and diagnosis, treatment...
Cognitive therapy is a specified form of psychotherapy that is based on the notion of the interdependence of human thoughts, feelings, and behavior. It also means that some mental illnesses and psychological problems derive from wrong thinking and reasoning as well as stereotypes that can change people’s perception of the...
Among the many concepts in psychology, few are applied in my everyday life. They are based on Freud’s psychoanalysis theory of how the mind works, including how they influence experiences (Moccia et al. 1). The events in my life shape how I behave and feel; hence, it is essential to...
During this week, special attention should be paid to work with automatic thoughts as a part of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). The task of a therapist is not only to identify cognitions that determine human behaviors but also to modify them, following specific rules and schemas. Wright, Basco, and Thase (2017)...
The theory of structuration proposed by Anthony Giddens offers perspectives on the varied human behavior based on the synthesis of agency and structure effects. The structuration model asserts that human action’s capacity is influenced by different facets of the society, such as the robust, stable societal structures and an individual’s...
The cognitive behavior supervisory model allows working with patients on two distinct elements – their cognition and behavior. They learn how to identify a problem and develop a strategy for addressing it. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) became one of the most commonly used forms of supervision in psychotherapy. This approach allows...
Introduction It is hard to disagree that there may be various challenges while parents raise their children, and they need to be fully aware of the ways to make this process more comfortable and correct. One such issue that can make parents confused and ask professionals for help is child...
Being an inefficient learner is one of the fears that most students have once they start their academic progress. However, for most students, this fear becomes comparatively manageable as they learn to build a skill set needed for adequate management of school tasks. Nonetheless, some students fail to gain relevant...
Introduction The notion of stress is familiar to probably all people of the modern world. People experience stress on a daily basis. They face various situations that provoke stressful feelings and rise of emotions. The word “stress” is usually associated with something negative. However, stress is not always about something...
Motivation is a special feature attached to psychological, cognitive, and behavioral areas in the life of a human being. Motivation is a “driving force that compels an action towards a desired goal in life, and psychiatrists argue that motivation is an impulse that optimizes a person’s well-being by minimizing physical...
Introduction Conflict denotes hindrances between people or groupings of individuals that have dissimilar objectives, ideals, anticipations, and rationales. Conflicts normally occur at the personal, group, and organizational levels where competition, in addition to personal achievement, is emphasized more than interdependence. In a conflict, it is normally easy to determine the...
Abstract Studies indicate increased deviant behavior among college students particularly, the newly admitted students. In fact, deviant behavior among the college fresh students has remained a major concern for educational institutions. The determination of the causes and impacts of the behavior would increase the understanding of the behavior and enable...
Abstract Perfect health is desirable, but those who can claim to be perfectly healthy are scanty. Conditions such as the bipolar disorder ensure that the balance that is necessary for perfect health remains elusive. It is a condition that characterized by alternating patterns of depressed and elated moods, which make...
Comparing and contrasting grieving models Waldrop (2007) defines grief as a complex response to loss or death. The grieving process is characterized by psychological, emotional, and social distress. Death is an unavoidable phase of life and everyone has to experience grief at some point. Brosche (2007) indicates that grieving among...
Introduction Psychologists have conducted numerous studies to develop the most appropriate model to guide the grieving cycle. Grief is an emotional process that is associated with the loss of loved ones or property that has sentimental value. According to findings from psychological researchers in the past, it is essential for...
Bereavement The term bereavement is defined as a time of sorrow, especially after the demise of someone close such as a spouse. It is an impartial state of deprivation that usually occurs as a result of death, and is commonly escorted by grief. There are two types of bereavement; include...
Grief and bereavement are responses to personal loss. According to Witcutt (2006), “personal loss results from the death of a person or after losing something precious”. There are different behaviors, thoughts, emotions, and feelings that come with grief (Young & Dowling, 2012). Although grief is an emotional response to loss,...
Professional Caregivers also need to care for themselves. This is to avoid the occurrence of compassion fatigue, a condition that is characterized by chronic stress resulting from excessive blaming to bottled-up emotions. Professional caregivers have the responsibility to deal with this condition, which should be done by developing a mechanism...
Introduction Human health is a very important aspect of human development from birth till his/her death. From research carried out in North America, it has been found out that the health statuses of various people vary and are dependent on aspects such as economic well being, social aspects and gender...
People with challenging behaviors need utmost care and understanding. These help a lot in making them fit in the community. It is noteworthy that when these individuals are not well taken care of they end up being a nuisance to the community. Most importantly, the response of those around them...
Trust in a Team Any leader should be worthy of trust in the team. Sometimes this can be quite difficult, but it is a necessary success factor, especially when making changes to the work. To be a source of trust, people sometimes need to work hard. For this, it is...
Generosity is described as a virtue of giving out liberally without anticipating payback. In religion, this aspect has been regarded as a way of life-enhancing a person’s daily life (well-being). Research has shown generous people as having happier lives and living more pro-social lives. It is also true that helping-out...
Introduction There is an argument that strain or stress is the major cause of criminal promotion. He develops the theory of stress and strain to include various causes of stress or strain. Agnew brings about three kinds of strain that cause deviance: these include the failure to attain positively valued...
“Emotional intelligence is the innate potential to feel, use, communicate, recognize, remember, describe, identify, learn from, manage, understand and explain emotions” (Bradberry, 2009). Emotional intelligence is vital particularly in management and leadership because it helps ease the management of one’s emotions, and that of a group of individuals. In the...
Shedler (2008) describes behavioral approaches as based on the assumption that individuals are generally shaped by learning and socio-cultural environment. The main characteristics of behavior therapy mainly focus on observable behavior, current determinants of behavior, change promoting learning experiences, and rigorous assessment and evaluation (Goodwin, 2005). The main focus of...
The theory of Cognitive behavior was chiefly propagated by B. F. Skinner who had profound impact on behaviorism. The approach is a largely deterministic and historical movement. However, it differs from the psychodynamic view of human behavior. The approach focuses on objective, measurable phenomena (Shedler, 2008). View of Human Nature,...
In an increasingly competitive world, many organizations are adopting methods aimed at maximizing all their available resources to effectively achieve their set goals. Industrial /Organizational Psychology has therefore been increasingly integrated into organizational management in recent years. Industrial and organizational psychology is a field concerned with workplace behavior. It applies...
Behaviorism is a psychological theory that explains the actions of living creatures. The application of the model in practice covers the behavior that a person or animal expresses concerning a specific object or situation. This theory took momentum in the 20th century when American and European researchers experimented between dependent...
Introduction Both psychology and neuroscience pay considerable attention to learning and memory as phenomena. Different approaches and methods have evolved, allowing the researchers to study multiple aspects of memory and learning from different perspectives. In particular, the cognitive approach in psychology and functional magnetic resonance imagery in neuroscience complement each...
Examples of Implicit and Explicit Biases The existence of implicit and explicit biases is an unfortunate side effect of the human condition. Through the process of socialization, people gain knowledge of their environment, themselves, and other individuals. Biases are constructed when the human brain attempts to understand a complex issue...
Nowadays, different successful startups and companies appear every month, while the bigger and older ones become even more powerful. It made me wonder what the key to a company’s success is, and how these small ideas grow into real companies that make life better. At the beginning of the research,...
Lower-level behavior of employees impedes the actions and progress of others. Whining is one of the most common forms that means that a person acknowledges a problem but takes no action to resolve it (Hoffmann, 2016). Cynicism and pessimism serve to attract attention and extract sympathy from others (Wong, 2007)....
Introduction In the current paper, results of the pre-test in Chapter 1 will be discussed, and the ambiguity of the sub-theories and frameworks of behaviorism will be addressed. Moreover, an explanation of how association doctrine and connectionism developed the foundations of behaviorism will be presented. Further, the stimulus-response model and...
Abstract The way a person builds their relationships as an adult, mainly when referring to intimate relationships, is mostly affected by their childhood experiences. Many contemporary researchers and psychology practitioners use this theory to explain adults’ maladaptive behaviors towards their partners. Bowlby developed it in an attempt to explain the...
Introduction Defining and gauging temperaments and personality types appear to be one of the cornerstone activities in trait psychology. In attempts to measure human personality, an array of models and tests have been created. The Big Five Model seems to be one of the most recognized methods to define the...
Nurture has long been accepted as one of the most important components of a traditional behaviorist approach. Initially, both Skinner and Watson wanted the science of human behavior to become as rigorous as physics, which is why they considered it imperative to chart only measurable and observable responses. According to...
In today’s society, the issue of stress and stress-related health problems is especially critical. To regain physical and mental well-being, it is essential to discover some useful tools against stress. However, we cannot fully solve the problem if we do not know the nature behind it. That is why I...
Introduction School-aged children are characterized by increased conversational and analytical skills and the capacity to understand the concept of cause and effect. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2018), they feel a sense of fulfillment when acquiring new skills. However, at this age, children lack the knowledge about bodies...
People’s perceptions are mostly manipulated by social conventions known as schemata. Cognitive schemata are mental formations which constitute expectations and judgment about the world and influence an individual’s image of a particular person or situation. There are four major cognitive schemata: personal construct, prototype, script, and stereotype (Augoustinos & Walker,...
Problem-solving strategies are an essential part of all the possible spheres of life: regular day-to-day life, business, and politics. That is why it is also vital to differentiate various techniques as their advantages can contribute more depending on the situation. Being aware of those differences guarantees an individual and a...
Introduction A tier 3 intervention is a model where customized activities are developed to resolve students’ challenges in their social, academic, or behavioral lives. It is different from Tier 1 and Tier 2 interventions since it is intensive and more individualized. It is more explicit and developed to facilitate the...
The theoretical basis is crucial for effective therapeutic interventions within the scope of mental health issues. Effective counseling practice requires thoughtful consideration of the clients’ needs and applying the most appropriate approaches to meet those needs and ensure successful healing. The abundance of theories within the counseling practice provides professionals...
Gestures are an essential component of typical communication. Conveying just as much information as speech, they often serve as complementary sources of crucial insights about people involved in a conversation. Therefore, it is crucial to perform a kinesics-based analysis of the communication style used by participants (Rowe & Levine, 2015)....
Introduction Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a therapy approach that was developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s. It is a therapy approach that involves the identification and replacement of negative behaviors with positive ones. It is founded on three core principles, namely activating agent, beliefs, and consequences. Individuals...
Introduction Childhood can be a stressful period in a person’s life. Although stress is a natural and necessary part of growth, it can have significant negative effects on the development of a child’s brain. When a person experiences stress, his or her body produces cortisol, a hormone that controls the...
The ethics of a larger system, such as the school, involving the Juvenile Office requires that the involvement should be based on the available evidence. Schools should determine whether involving outside systems is necessary or not based on the carefully gathered and evaluated data with the goal of improving the...
Leadership is an intrinsic capacity useful in influencing people to accomplish specific goals in life. Good leadership style is characterized by some values, and determining them is instrumental in ensuring the expected outputs are achieved. Moreover, leadership is strongly linked to the personality of an individual resulting in diverse types...
There are different options that analysts use to reduce inappropriate actions and behaviors of children and adults. One of such methods is an extinction procedure that withholds reinforcement rather than adding or removing a cause of the issue. This essay will discuss the concept of extinction and provide real-world examples...
The organizational environment represents a rather rigid structure where a specific hierarchy coexists with very rigid standards for employees’ behaviors and attitudes. Although the contemporary business setting creates an illusion of a very flexible environment , the principal constructs of the leader representing a role model and setting the key...
Modern people are constantly faced with a variety of difficulties and obstacles. They perceive these situations differently: it is common for some to be anxious and depressed, while others overcome challenges with ease and even excitement. One way or another of perception of reality, as a rule, accompanies a person...
Researching Mindfulness and Technology The article “Mindfulness and the Social Media” discusses how the concept of mindfulness can be used in the treatment of social media addiction. It includes a brief overview of problems related to excessive social media usage, a description of the concepts of mindfulness and mindlessness, and...
One of the most challenging tasks is finding one’s place in life, and it is accompanied by the necessity to continuously achieve goals and strive for success in any possible way. Such a position creates intense pressure and leads to the emergence of stress and, as a consequence, a state...
As Price (2018) argues, “Procastinators can will themselves to work for hours; they can sit in front of a blank word document, doing nothing else, and torture themselves; they can pile on the guilt again and again — none of it makes initiating the task any easier. In fact, their...
Introduction When it comes to understanding emotions, our society has a surprisingly poor awareness. Courage is a prime example of a commonly misunderstood feeling. The Cambridge Dictionary defines it as the quality that makes you able to do dangerous or difficult things. Many people make a mistake of equating courage...
Introduction Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a psychological treatment approach that has been empirically demonstrated to be effective in addressing a range of psychiatric issues and mental health problems, ranging from depression and anxiety to addiction and substance abuse disorders. It relies on teaching the patient alternative ways to cope with their...
Introduction One of the essential stages in achieving success is determining the desired state, one’s future, in which one wants to be. It allows people to formulate a clear description of the desired state that they want to achieve by completing a specific action plan. Moreover, the result of the...
Abstract Mental illnesses can affect all members of a society irrespective of gender, ethnicity, and social status. Cases of discrimination and prejudice continue to be associated with these conditions. The malpractice makes it impossible for the patients to pursue their goals and lead high-quality lives. The completed study has identified...
Different stress-coping techniques can be used to deal with various types of stressors. In my life, I differentiate between cognitive, social, and emotional stressors. The main cognitive stressor is my studies and the amount of information that I have to process daily. The cognitive symptoms of stress include anxiety, fear,...
On the life path, people play various roles in different situations, becoming either leaders or subordinates. In particular, I felt this distribution of roles during my school years. Even though this cannot be called full-fledged work, school is one of the most influential organizations in human life. I would like...
Employees who work in the sphere of business and economics often face numerous situations that require their ability to identify and solve various problems. As a rule, this process is maintained in a particular ordinary way, but sometimes workers perform the behavior that is unusual for them. They may perceive...
Introduction Behavioral modification is a term used to refer to the process or technique that individuals employ to induce, increase or reduce a particular variety of reactions or behavior to a stimulus. The aim of applying behavioral modification is either to encourage a particular pleasant characteristic or to discourage the...
Controversies Regarding the Article In the article “Randomized Prevention Trail for Early Conduct Problems: Effects on Proactive Parenting and Links to Toddler Disruptive Behaviour” by Frances Gardner, Daniel Shaw, Thomas Dishon, Jenifer Burton and Lauren Supplee, the authors showcases the development stages that children go through as they grow up....