Psychologists seek to understand and identify why people behave the way they behave. Behaviours result from thoughts, which are influenced by certain factors and this is what psychologists seek to understand and analyse. Nevertheless, even though beliefs may determine one’s actions, beliefs alone cannot predict actions; similarly, actions alone cannot...
Introduction Psychology had a long history of development and co-existing with other fields of knowledge before becoming a separate academic discipline, molding its practice, and building up with different theories and approaches. This paper is to examine the origins and history of psychology and to compare and contrast the major...
Introduction Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning focuses on the study of observable behavior instead of the central mental occurrences (Henton & Iversen, 2011). In the theory, Skinner asserts that the behavior is better acknowledged through examining its causes and consequences. Even though the cause and effects relationship had already been...
Introduction According to Overholser (2010), one of the main contributors to the psychotherapy school of thought was Alfred Adler. This Viennese was born on February 7, 1870, and graduated from the University of Vienna with a Medical Degree in 1895. It is noted that, at first, Adler had opted to...
There is substantial progress in the endeavors to clarify how human development occurs. The individuals who study human advancement contend that it includes precisely distinguished stages which impose important social differences. There are several hypotheses and suggestions that are based on stage-situated human development. Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget,...
The adolescent stage is one of the most intriguing phases of development among human beings. Although familiar to many, it implies a crucial life period that requires individuals to make critical decisions amidst various challenges. Some people may misconstrue it as a particular period of development, as any other human...
My specialty area of nursing practice is a psychiatric nurse practitioner. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the most frequently applied in psychiatric nursing. The theory was created in the 1960s by a German-American psychologist Erik Erikson (Degges-White, 2017). The scholar developed a man of individual psychosocial development,...
Louv’s book, Last Child in the Woods, introduced several key concepts of how daily interaction with nature is essential to our overall health. He achieved so by integrating a new and growing body of research suggesting that direct exposure to nature is crucial for healthy childhood development and the psychological...
Introduction The concept of identity statuses by James Marcia stems from psychoanalytic theory and stages of psychosocial development by Erik Erikson. Marcia’s identity status interview (ISI), which “assessed the depth and breadth of exploration and the extent of commitment in the areas of occupation and ideology,” allowed the researcher to...
Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky developed their theories of cognitive development. These two theories were created at the same time, and that is why they are often compared. Piaget and Vygotsky studied the same phenomena, but they used different theories to explain them (Obukhova, 2016). The current paper analyses each...
Social and emotional development in early childhood Social development is a process through which a child creates a notion of themselves, separate their identity from their environment, and learn to comprehend the mental state of others, facilitating their adaption to a community (Rathus, 2016). This stage of development may be...
Stages of development are useful in monitoring and measuring the growth of a child. The process is critical in highlighting the needs required at each stage. The physical assessment constitutes a vital criterion of measuring growth rate and behavioral change among children in different age groups. Essentially, the behavior of...
Introduction Development psychology is a field focused on the examination of how people’s way of thinking and behaving changes throughout their life. Contemporary development psychology is focused on lifespan development rather than child development only, which provides many opportunities for researchers and practitioners to develop strategies of continuous learning. Since...
Personal Introduction to Adulthood Many people mature into adulthood in significantly different ways due to the variety of circumstances that can affect the process. To explain them and obtain a better perspective on the development stage, scholars have formulated a variety of theories. Personal characteristics are a significant predictor that...
In her speech on TedTalks, Brown (2010) discussed the following statement: “Lean into the discomfort of the work”. In my point of view, it means to think outside the box and focus on challenges, as well as the ways to improve. For example, in social work, it is especially important...
Getting into educating young children, one must fully realize that teaching skills and knowledge on the specific subject are not enough for success. It demands understanding specific groups of students’ psychology as well. Children up to the age of 8 are especially vulnerable as they are only starting to learn...
Adolescent egocentrism is a concept that has attracted diverse views among different people. David Elkind developed this idea based on the personal fable and imaginary audience components (Bell & Bromnick, 2003). He argued that adolescents experience mentally constructed anticipations about what others think and the way they react to them....
Introduction With the rapid development of developmental psychology, researchers tried to formulate a universal definition of age to offer some developmental patterns for individuals regardless of their environment. However, nowadays, a variety of age conceptions exist, which are differentiated in terms of cultural and social background that might distort the...
The theory of James Marcia is an effective tool, which describes decision-making related to one’s career. It is based on the notions of commitment and a crisis (Kim E, 2016). A commitment is the course of actions one takes to reveal the preferences of specific activities. A crisis, in turn,...
Introduction Human development theories help social scientists, psychologists, and educators learn more about how people change throughout their lives. The importance of learning more about human development is significant as “Knowing about other people and their circumstances can help us live and work with them more effectively” (Lumen Learning, 2017,...
Zigmund Freud and Erik Erikson are widely known in the field of psychology, mainly for the creation of well-known developmental theories. Even though Freud’s psychosexual approach and the psychosocial methods of Erikson are severely distinctive from each other, the two models have much in common. The following paper is focused...
Introduction Theorists such as Freud, Erikson, Piaget, and Vigotsky developed different theories centered on human development. Some of these theories are centered on environmental influences, societies role on human development, stages that humans must go through in order to develop, and others speak on theories that say humans are active...
There are several hypotheses that try to explain human progression. Several concepts have explained different aspects of human nature, such as emotional, social, and cognitive growth. Jean Piaget was a psychologist from Switzerland who was known for having pioneered a cognitive growth theory for human advancement (Chung, 2018). In addition,...
This study aims to analyze two interviews based on the views of Erikson, Vaillant, Levinson, and Peck. The paper will assess the answers and place the interviewees on the development stages according to different theories. Answers Review The subjects of the research are a man and a woman, 45 and...
Introduction Relational cultural theory refers to a branch of psychology that deals with human relations. The theory states that it is important for society to sustain relationships that promote growth (Walker, 2004). According to the theory, growth applies if people create inclusive relationships that support joint success rather than individual...
Introduction Literatures in early childhood are on the increasing end due to the early experiences and recognition of theories supporting human development. With the contribution of these theories, people came to recognize the importance of gender, adult and childhood in improving levels and eminence of education system. The contemporary society...
Importance of Pavlov Work In the current world, Pavlovs Classical Conditioning Theory remains of relevance. It was a simple experiment on how dogs salivated with bell ringing but it has opened the world eyes on Conditional Learning (Mayers, 2008). In fact, Conditional Learning follows Pavlov’s procedure of using unconditioned stimulus...
True experiment Experiments are largely conducted to find out if certain phenomena exist or not. To find out this, scientists conduct studies in various ways. One of the methods of finding out the existence of a phenomenon is through true experiments. Empirically, true experiments are a technique that social scientists...
The theory of motivation is an important aspect in organizational behavior (Scott 12). It is an element that greatly affects the attitudes and levels of energy within a workforce in the workplace (Hanney 7). Hence, organizations need to factor all this if they have to maintain a well-functioning team. Scenario...
My interview was with Mr. Kazam Husane-Zada. He is 67 years old, living in Bayonne and is, currently, a teacher at Irvington High School. He was born on December 11, 1943 in the city of Abadan, Iran. He does not remember when he started sitting or walking, but states that...
In a number of progressive sciences, a single unifying theory, helping to explain numerous research problems within the frameworks of those sciences, exists. The field of developmental psychology is not unified by a single overarching theory which can be seen in a variety of complex explanations behind different phenomena in...
Introduction People happen to experience, evaluate and react to similar environments in different ways, which starts from the moment of birth. Extravert children tend to strive after people and occurrences around them, whereas introvert children tend to ignore them. A shrill voice evoking a touchy girl’s tears might provoke no...
Introduction Developmental psychology is concerned with the transformations that happen in the life of individuals. Initially, this field had given a lot of consideration to the changes that occur among infants and children. However, current developments have seen the inclusion of adolescents, adults and the aged (Belsky, 2010). Developmental psychologists...
Abstract Human growth and development is a stage that presents a lot of complexity. Every stage carries its own form of challenges that if not properly dealt with can linger for as long as it’s not reconciled with the present challenges. Some form of alienation from the system or society...
Attachment Freud’s major insights into the early experience, close relationships, and defensive mechanisms were preserved with Bowlby’s modern theory of attachment. The more modern view of the child’s tie to the mother, motivation, and development has replaced Freud’s opinions of dependency and drive reduction (Waters, 2005, p. 82). Attachment development...
Abstract Personality is such a complicated subject that it evades a simple definition. There is no defined criterion for determining personality. Critics of personality theories argue that a person’s behavior cannot be the basis of determining personality type. However, there are several valid efforts at defining personality theories. One of...
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development indicates that children undergo four different stages of cognitive development. The four stages include the Sensorimotor stage, Pre-operational stage, Concrete operational stage, and the Formal operational stage. Cognitive development starts after birth, when the child starts experiencing sensations in the environment. During the Sensorimotor stage,...
Introduction Human behavior and personality are the focus of different studies. In psychology, these two entities can be viewed from a variety of different perspectives. For example, the scholars that study human personality using humanistic theories and those who follow the dispositional approach will emphasize different features of personality and...
Knowing what is wrong is not enough to stay away from making mistakes like lying, cheating, hurting, taking revenge, punishing, and offending. However, why do so many people pleasure themselves in taking revenge? Every single one of us is aware that doing this is wrong and bad, and it is...
After the First World War, there was a shift in organizational studies due to the effects that psychological studies and human resources had on organizations. The initiation of the change is known as the Hawthorne effect. The effect focused on the motivation of teams and groups to the achievement of...