Introduction
Homosexuality has long been a controversial and stigmatized topic in many societies worldwide. It is considered by many as a deviant behavior, one that goes against the normative expectations of gender roles and sexual preferences. Despite decades of scientific research showing that homosexuality is a natural and normal variation of human sexuality, many continue to view it with suspicion and prejudice. This essay explores homosexuality as a deviant behavior, the future of homosexuality, its importance, and conflict and solutions that arise from it.
Deviance
Deviance is a social phenomenon that refers to any behavior, belief, or condition that is perceived to violate the norms, values, or expectations of a particular society. It can take many forms, ranging from criminal acts such as theft and murder, but also non-criminal behaviors like gambling and drug abuse (Harris & Magrizos, 2023). Deviance is closely linked to social norms, which are the unwritten rules that guide behavior in a society. Norms can be formal such as laws and regulations, or informal such as customs and traditions (Harris & Magrizos, 2023). Deviance thus occurs when an individual or group violates these norms somehow.
There are various elements of deviance, including social constructs, power dynamics, and perception. According to Thio et al. (2019), social constructs are the shared beliefs, values, and attitudes that shape what is considered normal or deviant in a particular society or culture. These constructs are often based on social norms, rules, and expectations that guide behavior in a given community. Deviance is a product of these constructs, as behaviors and beliefs that deviate from established norms are often perceived as deviant. For example, it may be considered deviant in some societies to wear clothing that reveals too much skin, while in others, it may be perfectly acceptable.
Power dynamics refer to how power is distributed within a society. Those who hold power within a society often can define and enforce social norms, and behavior that deviates from those norms may be viewed as deviant. For example, in some societies, women holding positions of power could be considered anomalous, while in others, it may be seen as a natural part of gender equality. Similarly, in some cultures, it may be perceived as aberrant for members of a lower social class to challenge the authority of those in power, while in others, it may be seen as a legitimate expression of democratic values.
In addition to these elements, four conditions are necessary for a behavior to be termed deviant. They include a rule, a violator, an audience, and the likelihood of negative consequences from the audience (Thio et al., 2019). A rule is a society’s expectation that tends to guide behavior in a particular context. The violator is the person who breaks or is perceived to have broken the rule or norm. This person may know that their behavior is deviant or oblivious to it. The audiences are the individuals or groups who observe the violation and make judgments about it. They may include peers, family members, authority figures, or the general public (Thio et al., 2019). The audience plays a critical role in defining deviant behavior and shaping how the violator is perceived. Finally, there is a likelihood of negative reactions from the audience. These reactions may take many forms, such as social disapproval, ridicule, punishment, or legal sanctions. The severity may depend on factors such as the violation’s severity, the violator’s social status, and the audience’s values and norms.
Homosexuality as a Deviant Behavior
Homosexuality has been historically considered deviant behavior in many societies. While attitudes towards homosexuality have changed over time and vary across cultures, it remains a stigmatized identity in many contexts. Sociological theories, such as structural functionalism, conflict theory, and social theory, offer different perspectives to explain this. These theories provide insight into social phenomena and offer different explanations for why things happen the way they do.
Structural Functionalism
Structural functionalism is a theoretical approach that views society as a complex system comprising interrelated parts that promote social stability and order. Homosexuality is seen as deviant because it does not conform to the traditional gender roles and family structures that are necessary for society’s reproduction. According to structural functionalism, heterosexual relationships are the norm and ideal, with marriage being viewed as the social institution that legitimizes sexual activity and family formation. Moreover, the nuclear family is the basic unit of society, and any deviation from this norm is considered deviant. Thus, from a structural-functionalism standpoint, homosexuality threatens society’s stability because it does not conform to these traditional norms.
For example, in the 1950s, the US government viewed homosexuality as a threat to national security because it was perceived as a deviation from traditional gender roles and family structures. Homosexuals were considered susceptible to blackmail and therefore were considered a security risk. This led to a government policy that fired thousands of LGBT individuals from their government jobs. This policy was not rescinded until the late 1970s, highlighting how deeply entrenched the idea of homosexuality as deviant was in the US government and broader society.
Conflict Theory
Conflict theory, on the other hand, posits that society is made up of conflicting interests between different groups with those with authority often using their power to maintain dominance over others. Deviance from homosexuality is a form of resistance by marginalized people against the dominant norms established by those in power. With regard to homosexuality, conflict theory would argue that heteronormativity – the belief that heterosexuality is the only valid sexual orientation – is a way for heterosexual people to maintain their power and dominance. Homosexuality, therefore, is a form of resistance to this dominant narrative. LGBT individuals may reject the idea that heterosexuality is the norm and instead embrace their own sexual identity to resist the dominant group’s power.
This situation has been experienced in many social movements for LGBTQ+ rights, where the goal is to challenge heteronormativity and advocate for the rights of queer people. For example, the Stonewall riots in 1969, widely regarded as a pivotal moment in the fight for LGBTQ+ rights in the United States, were sparked by police raids on gay bars in New York City (Stein, 2019). Police invasion can be understood as a way for the police to assert their power over queer communities. On the other hand, the riots by the queer people are a form of resistance against police power and thus assert their right to exist as they are.
Social Theory
Social theory is a broad category that encompasses a variety of theoretical approaches. However, as stated by Yeshurun et al. (2021), one common thread is the idea that social reality is constructed through language, symbols, and shared meanings. In this framework, deviance is perceived as a product of social construction – that is, what is deemed deviant behavior varies across time and place based on cultural norms and values. The label of “deviant” is not an inherent quality of homosexuality but rather a product of cultural norms and values. As society becomes more accepting of homosexuality, the label of deviant will be challenged and potentially eroded.
Homosexuality in the Future
Whether homosexuality will eventually be considered non-deviant is complex and multifaceted. It is necessary to consider several different factors, including changes in societal attitudes towards homosexuality, advances in scientific understanding of human sexuality, and the evolution of legal and political frameworks around the world. What makes up “deviant” conduct is not static and can change over time. Over the past few decades, there has been a significant shift in societal attitudes toward homosexuality. In the past, homosexuality was widely viewed as a mental illness or a moral failing, and those who engaged in same-sex relationships were often subject to discrimination, harassment, and violence (Huang, 2018).
However, in many parts of the world, including many Western countries, homosexuality has become increasingly accepted and normalized. This is partly due to the increased visibility of LGBTQ+ individuals in popular culture and the activism of LGBTQ+ organizations and individuals who have fought for recognition and rights. As a result, it is possible that in the future, the societal stigmatization of homosexuality may continue to decrease, leading to its eventual acceptance as a non-deviant behavior.
Furthermore, advances in scientific understanding of human sexuality may contribute to a broader acceptance as a non-deviant behavior. Research in psychology, genetics, and neuroscience has demonstrated that sexual orientation is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon (Calabrò et al., 2019). As a result, Calabrò et al. (2019) argue that homosexuality is likely to be influenced by a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Thus, it is becoming increasingly clear that homosexuality is not a choice or a pathology but a natural and normal variation of human sexuality.
If this trend continues, it is possible that homosexuality could eventually be seen as a normal and natural variation of human sexuality rather than as deviant behavior. This could lead to a greater acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals in society, including in areas such as employment, housing, and healthcare. However, the path toward greater acceptance of homosexuality is not guaranteed. There are still powerful cultural and political forces that seek to maintain the status quo, and LGBTQ people continue to face discrimination and violence in many parts of the world. Furthermore, what is considered “deviant” is deeply ingrained in many cultures, and shifting attitudes and behaviors may take significant effort. Ultimately, whether homosexuality will be deemed deviant depends on various factors, including changes in cultural standards, legal structures, and societal attitudes.
Homosexuality Should Be Considered a Deviant Behavior
Homosexuality goes against the traditional gender roles and expectations prevalent in many cultures. In many societies, heterosexual relationships are viewed as the norm, and sexual relationships between individuals of the same gender are seen as abnormal and outside the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Men and women should only engage in sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex. Homosexuality is a violation of traditional gender roles and a challenge to the notion of being a man or a woman. It is a choice, and individuals who engage in same-sex relationships are making a conscious decision to go against what is considered acceptable behavior.
How Homosexuality Came to Be Viewed as Deviant
The view of homosexuality as deviant behavior has evolved and has been shaped by cultural, historical, and religious factors in various parts of the world. Ancient Greece is often recognized as a society that celebrated homosexuality, particularly between adult men and adolescent boys (Fisher & Funke, 2019). Same-sex relationships were celebrated in some aspects of Greek society. Greek art and literature often depicted male-male relationships, and same-sex relationships were common among soldiers and aristocrats (Fisher & Funke, 2019). This acceptance of homosexuality was evident in the writings of Plato, who saw same-sex love as an expression of higher ideals, and in the relationships between prominent historical figures such as Alexander the Great and his male lovers (Fisher & Funke, 2019). However, not all forms of homosexuality were accepted in ancient Greece, and certain forms were considered deviant. For example, sex between two adult men was considered socially unacceptable, and male prostitutes were stigmatized.
In contrast, North America has a complex and often negative history regarding views on homosexuality. Americans’ view of homosexuality as a deviant behavior can be traced back to the Puritans, who viewed homosexuality as a sin against God (Huang, 2018). In the early colonial period, homosexuality was largely ignored and not considered a significant issue. However, with the rise of Christianity and the Victorian era, homosexuality came to be viewed as morally wrong and even criminalized in many states. This view persisted throughout the 20th century, with homosexuality being classified as a mental disorder until 1973 (Huang, 2018). The Stonewall riots in 1969 marked a turning point in the LGBTQ+ rights movement, leading to greater activism and advocacy for equal rights.
Finally, like North America, Europe’s views on homosexuality have also evolved. During the Victorian era, homosexuality was criminalized and viewed as a mental disorder. However, in the 20th century, attitudes began to shift, and many European countries decriminalized homosexuality and granted legal recognition to same-sex couples. The Netherlands became the first country to legalize same-sex marriage in 2001, and other countries followed suit.
Importance of Homosexuality as a Topic
First, homosexuality is a matter of human rights. Homosexual individuals have the right to live free from discrimination and violence and access the same legal and social protections as their heterosexual counterparts (Smith, 2018). In many countries, homosexuality is still criminalized, and individuals who identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual can face employment, housing, and healthcare discrimination. This discrimination can have severe consequences for individuals’ mental and physical health and ability to live fulfilling lives.
Secondly, homosexuality is critical in the context of social justice. Social justice promotes fairness and equality, particularly for marginalized and underrepresented groups (Smith, 2018). The LGBTQ+ community has long faced discrimination and oppression, and addressing these issues is essential for achieving social justice. Addressing homosexuality can help to raise awareness of the discrimination and marginalization faced by LGBTQ+ individuals. This can help combat discrimination and promote greater social inclusion and acceptance. It can also promote a greater understanding of how institutionalized discrimination affects LGBTQ+ individuals, particularly in healthcare, education, and employment.
Conflicts That Have Emerged from Homosexuality
Religious Conflicts
The issue of homosexuality has been a source of religious conflict for many years. Several religious traditions view homosexuality as a sin or a violation of their moral code, leading to clashes between religious groups and LGBTQ+ individuals. Some religious groups argue that same-sex relationships go against the teachings of their faith and promote immoral behavior. This has led to opposition to same-sex marriage and the adoption of children by same-sex couples. In some cases, religious groups have also opposed laws that protect LGBTQ+ individuals from discrimination, citing religious freedom as a defense for their actions. On the other hand, some religious groups have embraced LGBTQ+ individuals and advocated for their rights. These groups argue that their faith values love, compassion, and inclusivity and that LGBTQ+ individuals should be accepted and supported within their communities. The conflict between religion and homosexuality is complex. It often involves debates over the interpretation of religious texts and the role of religious teachings in modern society.
Social Conflicts
Homosexuality has also been a source of social conflict, with LGBTQ+ individuals facing discrimination, stigma, and violence in many parts of the world. These conflicts have emerged from social attitudes, cultural beliefs, and historical prejudices against homosexuality. LGBTQ+ individuals have historically faced discrimination in areas such as employment, housing, and access to healthcare. Discrimination can lead to social exclusion, economic disadvantage, and mental health problems. Stigma and stereotypes about homosexuality also contribute to social conflicts. Negative attitudes towards homosexuality can lead to bullying, harassment, and violence against LGBTQ+ individuals. The fear of social ostracism can also prevent individuals from coming out, leading to mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and self-harm.
Solutions to the Issues People Face around Homosexuality
Awareness Campaigns
Awareness campaigns can be an effective way to raise awareness about the challenges faced by LGBTQ+ individuals. These campaigns can be run through various mediums, such as social media, TV, and radio. They can also be organized as community events that bring together individuals from different backgrounds to discuss issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity. Thus, such campaigns can raise public awareness of LGBTQ+ issues, reduce stigma and misconceptions surrounding sexual orientation and gender identity, and promote greater acceptance and inclusion of LGBTQ+ individuals.
Representation in the Media
Representation is essential to promote greater acceptance and understanding of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities. Media representation can include TV shows, movies, and books that feature LGBTQ+ characters and storylines. It can also include news coverage sensitive and respectful towards LGBTQ+ issues. Negative representation or lack of representation can reinforce harmful stereotypes, increase stigma, and contribute to discrimination and marginalization. On the other hand, positive representation can increase visibility, promote understanding and acceptance, and empower LGBTQ+ individuals.
Conclusion
In conclusion, homosexuality as a deviant behavior is complex and multifaceted. This essay has explained homosexuality as a deviant behavior based on three sociological theories: structural functionalism, conflict, and social theory. Despite progress in accepting homosexuality in some societies, it remains stigmatized and discriminated against in others. However, as scientific research continues to demonstrate the natural and standard variation of human sexuality, there is hope for a more inclusive and accepting future for the LGBTQ+ community. It is essential to continue to challenge negative stereotypes and stigma surrounding homosexuality and to promote understanding and acceptance of all individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation. Through awareness campaigns, social support, and representation in the media, people can create a more just and equitable society for all.
References
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