Background of the Literature Memory is a critical cognitive function that is important in everyday cognitive processes. However, memory performance may not always be the same, given the capacity for various factors to affect memory performance. The literature involves previous work on memory under neuropsychology and the factors affecting memory....
Multiple tasks being carried out at once is usual in today’s society. Many people work from the comfort of their homes to juggle a job, education, and domestic life. On the other hand, this can be a difficult task, particularly if one has to attend Zoom classes while working from...
Critical thinking is the ability of a person to evaluate the judgments offered to him from different points of view, to seek ways to understand information, and interoperate it with his picture of the world. It allows one to match existing data in memory with new information that arises in...
James developed several theoretical statements concerning human consciousness as a complex system. Summarizing them, it should be noted that constantly changing thought is part of consciousness and concerns some parts of objects independent of it. The initial preliminary summary of the notion is the uniqueness of consciousness as āItā is...
There are hundreds of movies that depict the development of characters over time. What sets Boyhood (2014), directed by Richard Stuart Linklater, is that it was filmed over the span of twelve years and included the same actors. The movie shows the childhood and adolescence of Mason Evans Jr., played...
Introduction People are different, and each person perceives information in a unique way. An individual may better memorize a fact or an opinion if they can associate themselves with the presented knowledge. For example, people may have a finer comprehension of a movie if they can relate to situations or...
In the modern world, meditation is becoming more and more prevalent in peopleās lives. This practice came from India and China, and if earlier meditation was associated only with religious practices, today scientists are studying the effect of this practice on the brain, productivity, and a sense of happiness, which...
Introduction Procrastination is an issue that affects the motivation of many individuals, reducing their overall feeling of satisfaction, quality of life, and performance in terms of learning and working processes. This phenomenon is complex and influenced by a variety of factors, among which is self-determination. However, while there are many...
Making correct and informed judgments requires drawing conclusions based on realistic assumptions. Assumptions are the beginning points for any cognitive process or argument, and they significantly impact the conclusion’s outcome. If the assumptions are correct, the decision is likely to be accurate. For example, if someone thinks that all dogs...
Memory is essential to human life, as it allows individuals to store. Human life depends on memory, enabling people to store and retrieve information. Memory comes in various forms, and each function differently, including semantic, episodic, and procedural memory. This essay analyzes these types of memory and how they function...
Introduction An essential part of the perception of reality is played by the instinct of fear, which affects the understanding of the essence of what is happening. The innate fear response may alter how people perceive risk, making it difficult to evaluate the likelihood and consequences of different dangers. The...
Source: Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12(1), 97ā136. Web. Treisman and Gelade (1980) presented a comprehensive theoretical framework for elucidating the mechanisms underlying attention in visual perceptionAccording to the theory of feature integration, the integration of objects in the visual field...
Definition of Cognition Cognition is a set of mental processes involved in thinking, knowing, learning, and memorizing (Spielman et al., 2020). It includes perception, attention, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognition is linked to the ability to learn and adapt and the capacity to understand and interact with the environment. It...
Cognitive distortions are biased or irrational patterns of thinking that negatively impact emotions, behaviors, and well-being. One such distortion is catastrophizing, which involves blowing things out of proportion and imagining the worst outcomes (Casabianca, 2022). Therefore, to help a client overcome this distortion, I would use a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)...
Memory is an integral part of the life of the majority of living species, including humans. In many ways, the extent of its functionality defines individual capabilities, personality, and behavior. Chapter 7 provides a sophisticated overview of what constitutes memory and shares numerous insights into the way it works. Apart...
Cognitive psychology is a broad field of science that helps to understand better the thinking process of people and what goes into the problem-solving process. Moreover, this branch assists in determining what is behind the formation of human behavior and ways of interacting with others. Many different theoretical approaches and...
A person learns about the world that surrounds him with the help of numerous specialized functions of the body. One of them is perception and sensation, which, despite their apparent similarity, are completely different processes. First, it is necessary to gain an understanding of the nature of these processes. Hence,...
Project Summary Many studies discuss various components and processes of memory, including one of its key categories ā working memory. The latter includes the phonological loop, which is the faculty responsible for the temporal rehearsal and memorization of information received verbally or visually. While some researchers explore the relationships between...
Strengths The work discusses the connection between memory and the legal investigation of crimes. The author’s central idea is that in extreme stress situations, the general memory process is distorted, complicating the investigation process due to the vague testimonies of victims and eyewitnesses. The primary strength of the work is...
The aim of this essay is to reflect on the influence cognitive bias has on the perception of information. Bias is an error in interpreting data due to personal inclinations, prejudice, or simplification of knowledge. It exists as a result of the brain trying to make an explanation of the...
The Role of Text Most people on the planet, as adults, are able to absorb textual information and read and process it correctly. This skill is paramount when the individual is in society. We read information boards, books, and textbooks, correspond on social networks, and write texts ourselves. Text, in...
A basic mental function that enables us to store and retrieve information is memory. It is the basis for both our capacity to learn and engage with the outside world. Encoding, storage, and retrieval are only a few of the cognitive processes that go into memory, which is a complicated...
A personal mission statement combined with short-term goals provides a framework for achieving oneās goals. Namely, the mission statement is used for naming the end goal and, as a result, setting out the direction in which one wishes to move forward. In comparison, the short-term goals serve to identify the...
Introduction People do not typically link the human race with abilities like mind reading or future prediction. Research reveals that many people do, in fact, think that psychic abilities exist. One would expect that, over time, examples of psychic fraud would make psychic claims less credible. Many people continue to...
Reasoning refers to an act of thinking about a thing in a way that is logical and sensible. Notably, different types of psychology books and texts have explained different types of this reasoning. This essay will mainly discuss two kinds of reasoning: inductive and deductive. Inductive and deductive reasoning are...
The article by Knoblich and Flach examines the correlation between perception and action, claiming that the two activities depend on each other. The initial hypothesis is based on previous academic research on the “motor theory of speech perception, the common-coding theory, and the theory of intentional schemas” (Knoblich & Flach,...
The body is a unified system controlled by the brain. If special keys and approaches are selected, and one learns how to influence the brain’s work, genuinely inexhaustible possibilities arise for the human being. However, phenomenal consciousness is illusory, and science still does not find such quality in the human...
Introduction Each individual has a different level of intelligence, according to which people can use their specific abilities. In general, intelligence is measured against the intelligence of an average person of the same age. The theory of intelligence is extremely popular among educators, and many teachers use it in schools...
Critical thinking entails systematically examining data and drawing reasonable conclusions. Elder and Paul define the disciplined process of actively and successfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information to obtain an answer or conclusion. Analyzing information, recognizing prejudice, and making well-considered conclusions require reasoning skills (Paul & Elder, 2019). According...
Introduction Emotional intelligence is a multidimensional phenomenon that significantly influences an individualās quality of life. It entails perceiving, controlling, and assessing emotions among entities. In this case, the counterpart attains proficient discernment and knowledge regarding the effective and strategic form of engagement. An excellent example enshrines solving a conflict among...
Study and Encoding Memories Memory retains information across time by encoding, storing, and retrieving it. Recalling, identifying, and relearning knowledge more readily on a subsequent effort are all signs of memory. Models of information processing relate mental abilities to computer processes. It consists of three processes that include encoding, storing,...
Introduction The case scenario being analyzed is Can You Point Out the Person You Saw in the Park? (Eyewitness Memory and Recovered Memory). This scenario included a girl aged 11 who was kidnapped while on holiday with her parents in a large park. When more than 30 minutes had passed,...
The sunk cost fallacy implies that we are making illogical judgments that result in inferior consequences. This was the most intriguing fact about the reading for me. We are preoccupied with our previous investments rather than our current and future costs and rewards, which leads us to deal with situations...
Introduction Additional insight on the topics of memory, knowledge, and language has to be attained to ensure that learners get a better look at how they should memorize different information and engage in repetition activities. Moreover, the majority of events related to memory, knowledge, and language acquisition are not intuitive...
Introduction The uncanny is the psychological experience of seeing something creepy and strangely familiar. The term can be discussed in relation to the supernatural, and achieving the uncanny effect is a common purpose in fiction writing. This essay will explore these notions based on Freudās ideas and decadent literature. The...
Introduction Cognitive dissonance presents a condition of an individualās mental discomfort caused by a clash of two opposite beliefs, ideas, or values in an individualās perception. Therefore, cognitive dissonance relates to the type of stress people experience when engaging in activities that contradict their beliefs, ideas, or values. The cognitive...
Introduction Addressing the question of what is right and wrong is challenging since people have different perceptions of reality. When people see or hear things though the message is always the same, the interpretation varies from one person to another due to their difference in views. In decision-making, the reality...
People living with mental disabilities face numerous challenges in their daily lives, and their conditions are often difficult to treat because their causes can be unknown. Researchers, scientists, and mental health professionals extensively study different approaches to the treatment of mental health disabilities, both psychological and those involving medicine. I...
Mental rotation is an imaginative process that is based on visualizing how an object or picture, either in 2 or 3-dimensional, might seem if it were rotated. There is a connection between parts of the brain linked with awareness and mental rotation. Furthermore, a connection could exist between the mental...
Introduction Emotion sensation is a stage of neurobiological functioning necessary for developing feelings and connections with consciousness. Feelings are necessary for enhancing cognition and the proper functioning of all mental functions. According to the biological standpoint, biological systems and their roles determine humans’ conduct and thinking (Capdevila et al., 2015a)....
Introduction False memory refers to human memories that are either altered from the actual event or made up. Kloft et al.’s groundbreaking research revealed that an individual’s remembrance of past events is modified by their schemas and understandings of the present (2021). This concept served as a springboard for further...
Working memory is an essential aspect of human activity. It considers many cognitive planes, and therefore there is an abundance of definitions for it (Chai et al., 2018). Generally, it is defined as a platform where thoughts are held and manipulated, and it serves as the cornerstone of goal-directed behavior...
Sleep plays an instrumental role in consolidating motor memory and overall learning. According to Johnson et al. (2019), sleep improves training and rehabilitation through non-rapid eye movement throughout the night or during a nap. Various methods have proven helpful in enhancing the process of training and rehabilitation during sleep. Targeted...
Individuals may generate ideas and take actions based on mental processes that are impacted by biases, emotions, reason, and memories while making a choice. Like most Western societies, psychology generally considers individuals autonomous (Capdevila et al., 2015b). Thus, this implies that everyone should aim to be completely in isolation and...
Introduction The effective use of critical thinking skills essentially depends on oneās awareness of the components included in their definition. According to Facione and Gittens (2015), they vary from positive and negative habits of processing any information to core abilities, allowing individuals to benefit from them. Hence, it is important...
Summary This report reviews research describing the formation of conspiracy theories in adolescents using the telephone to jam the signal of tracking devices. It is shown that teleological thinking, belief in the low probability of an incident, and patterns of representational thinking prove to be predictors for the development of...
Introduction Communication and connection are essential elements of human life; thus, scholars strive to investigate reasons for better interaction of some individuals with specific people rather than with others. One of the possible explanations was proposed by the supporters of attraction theory, which, as the title suggests, means that affinity...
The relational psychodynamic model is the framework helping people to understand their problems better by analyzing their real and imagined relations with others and reality. It promotes a better understanding of how the body, mind, and interpersonal life can be aligned and work together to resolve current problems and emotional...
Magic has always captured the minds and hearts of people around the world, regardless of preference. Many still prefer to attend performances where magicians would show the world what they do best, namely magic tricks. This craving for magic tricks can easily be explained by the fact that people are...
Human Motivation Problem Prevalence and Causes The problem that affects human motivation and performance chosen for this assessment is poor sleep. Poor sleep has become a ubiquitous issue in modern high-paced society, affecting all groups of people worldwide. It may be caused by diverse physiological and social factors, including illnesses,...
Formal and post-formal operational stages are phases in cognitive development. The formal operational stage is the last cognitive stage proposed by Piaget in his theory of development. This stage is mainly characterized by abstract thinking and the use of logic (Miller, 2018). On the other hand, post-operational thinking is an...
The ability to think, learn from experience, solve issues, and adjust to new circumstances is known as intelligence. Galton argued that intellect was a function of sensory sharpness, and people exhibiting high degrees of sensory intolerance are intelligent in his hereditary view. He believed that society should encourage the nurturing...
Introduction Creativity is one concept that is difficult to evaluate, measure, and nurture in a person. Creative abilities depend on many internal and external factors, such as predisposition and external social environment. Dean Keith Simonton is the author of the Creativity chapter in the Noba textbook series on psychology. He...
The post hoc ergo propter hoc defines attempts to establish cause-and-effect relationships where they do not exist, but there is a simple sequence of events unrelated to each other. This method was used, for example, in superstitions of ancient times, when the passage of a comet or a solar eclipse...
I would describe critical thinking as perceiving reality by analyzing every aspect of it and identifying its flaws. Work with Internet sources has shown that this definition does not reflect all aspects of the phenomenon under study. Thus, in general, critical thinking is defined as – a system of judgments...
Introduction The human brain is one of the body’s most essential and complex organs. The brain controls almost all a personās activities, including walking, reading, and riding. Research provides significant information concerning the functions of this important body part. For example, biologists investigating the brain show that it has specific...
Abstract The human face is a significant factor especially when it comes to making a social judgment. Individuals can extract a lot of information from looking at specific facial features. This lab report uses the bubble technique to investigate the human face and its relationship with social judgment. More specifically,...
Introduction The research problem being addressed is the changing nature of patients’ social relationships as a result of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. The specific research question is “What changes in relationships occur as a result of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?” The researchers are trying to collect practical data on the positive or...
Abstract This paper represents a specialized literature review work that examines and concludes three credible and relevant scholarly articles related to the field of social cognitive approach in psychology. The essential condition and limit in the process of searching studies was the time period, and due to the principles of...
The average person sincerely believes that they can concentrate instantly or quickly if the work task, their hobby, or life situation requires it. Most of these individuals, especially those unfamiliar with yoga and other relaxation practices, are unaware that their senses are almost constantly in an over-stimulated state. The source...
Cognitive-behavioral family therapy derives from the general foundation of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) basic strategies. According to Wenzel (2017), CBT possesses four distinctive features: customization, therapist’s collaboration with the patient, a direct movement towards the treatment goal, and control through the entire therapy process. Therefore, CBT strategies can be defined as...
The human mind, mainly its functions of cognition and memory, remains an alluring beacon not only for writers and film directors but also for scientists. The latter category of specialists includes men and women from the diverse but related disciplines of medicine, anthropology, sociology, and psychology since these are wholly...
Attention in the 7-step sensory process strongly relates to the first two steps. Inhibition at the third stage plays a vital role in processing information entering the CNS. It regulates the excitation process more precisely since this inhibition can block individual nerve fibers entirely. Hundreds and thousands of different impulses...
Introduction Coherent and relevant use of arguments is the core of expressing a solid viewpoint in a debate. However, sometimes one side can express its point of view in an unclear manner, presenting logical fallacies, which would lead to difficulties with interpreting the viewpoint. Lack of logic breaks the structure...
Cognitive function testing depends on multiple factors, which involve an ability to understand the language in patients and doctors and the cultural background. Many testing tools are translated into other languages except for English. For instance, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) can...
Introduction The topics of problem-solving, creativity, decision-making, reasoning and intelligence are closely related, to the point of overlapping. For instance, scholars still face difficulties in unanimously defining the constructs of creativity and intelligence (Jaarsveld & Lachmann, 2017). Smith et al. (2009) defined creativity as “anything novel with a potential of...
Cognitive development begins at the infant age, where knowledge is acquired through sensory experiences and object manipulation. Aptitude covers all aspects of cognitive development, including personality, interests, literacy, and skill aspects used in schools to help students define the most suitable career paths. By helping students identify their strengths and...
Personal Understanding of The Book Before Reading It From the book title, the mind is depicted as limitless in that it can take in vast information. The brain is thought to be an adaptable muscle that, when something is learned, increases its capacity to accommodate new information. This is due...
Memory plays a pivotal role in peopleās lives at multiple levels, including routine, professional activity, socialization, learning, decision-making, communication, and others. Indeed, independent living might be particularly hindered or even impossible if oneās memory is impaired or dysfunctional. According to Baddeley et al. (2015), memory is an essential element of...
Introduction Psychology presents an opportunity for everyone to understand their thought processes and emotions better. This knowledge provides a foundation for more accurate decisions in many aspects of oneās life. Many topics that were discussed in this course have a major significance for me. I chose to discuss learning, memory,...
The video directly relates to the material in my textbook on fundamental attribution theory since it illustrates the concept of the theory and how it applies in everyday life. In the social world, people perceive others’ actions based on cause and effect, and specific events are triggered by specific causes...
Introduction For the classical conditioning test, Option A is selected. The unconditioned stimulus is darkness or absence of light, and the unconditioned response is pupil dilation. The conditioned stimulus is the sound of a bell, and the conditioned response is pupil dilation as well. The idea behind the activity is...
Introduction People who tend to dwell on the negative in their lives are often the victims of unfortunate events. There are several fascinating topics to explore in positive psychology, including happiness, attentiveness, flow, and fortitude (Zetsche et al., 2018). Among positive psychology’s well-known topics is the concept of positive thinking....
Weapon focus remains a popular disruptive mechanism used by criminals to interfere with the eyewitness’s ability to identify them when they perpetrate crime. Goldstein (2015) notes that weapon focus depends on the person holding it. A gun in the hands of a police officer will have minimal interference on eyewitness...
The relation of appraisal tendencies to decision-making has been recognized by many scientists, thus, yielding the need for thorough research. In other words, emotions and an individual’s feelings are able to change one’s judgment, perception, and especially behavior. Overall, a clear understanding of emotional appraisals is crucial to research their...
The psychology of information processing, that is, the reasoning behind how the individual interacts with the environment, is mediated by two cognitive processes: sensation and perception. Perception should be understood as the process of holistic reflection of an object and its recording in the individual’s consciousness, initiated by a physical...
Understanding the grief and dying process is essential in providing the necessary support for overcoming the death of a loved one. According to Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, the five stages that both terminally ill patients and relatives of the deceased follow sequentially constitute denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance (Bregman, 2019)....
A professional problem solver is a person who can correctly identify a problem and solve it in one of several ways: either systematically or intuitively. The problem is an obstacle to achieving a predetermined goal. The problem solver differs from the ordinary persons by making decisions that remove this obstacle...
Developmental Aspects of Learning The process of acquiring and stimulating the repetition of the information is explicitly dependent on one’s ability to memorize certain phenomena and items. One’s memory works on the basis of neural connections in the human brain. Essentially, one’s ability to remember certain things relates to the...
In psychological science, based on the doctrine of the activity nature of the human psyche, thinking and intellect occupy an essential place. Recently, thinking has begun to be understood as a particular type of cognitive activity. By introducing the category of activity into the psychology of thinking, the opposition between...
After listening to the speech, it is certain that the human tribe is SELF-CENTRED and, based on when was said, is not aware of it. Apparently, the human brain is able to look at the world through the perspective of the individual that it controls. Thus, everything is SUBJECTIVE, from...
The article by Keith Frankish dwells on the phenomenon of human consciousness and provides arguments for the theory, which views consciousness as an illusion. The idea behind this theory relies on the way our brains process information from the outside world to create a representation of the reality within which...
Human beings have a different perception of time that is associated with cognitive functions, such as attention. Time perception is the individualās subjective experience of the period passed and the duration of events perceived. This helps create a memory of an event that allows the individual to form a belief...
Introduction People are always irritated when perceived as stereotypical representatives of a certain group instead of unique individuals. In her TED Talk, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie described several examples of such treatment and referred to it as āhaving a single storyā about something (TED 00:02:50-00:02:58). In other words, a single story...
Introduction There are processes that children use as they construct their knowledge of the world. Concepts of accommodation and assimilation are two examples of ideas that are important in the learning process development. Therefore, accommodation and assimilation are a response to knowledge acquisition in which the brain either makes the...
Introduction Well-being is considered the sensation of pleasant emotions such as peace and satisfaction in response to implementing one’s capabilities, having some authority over one’s existence, having a sense of meaning, and having healthy connections. It is a stable state that permits people or a community to grow and flourish....
Name and Aspect of Development Cognitive development describes the capacity for children to reason, process information, and express varied emotions, which is often enabled through board games (Dauch et al., 2018). The toy will serve as a guide to help children learn new cognitive skills as they interact with it....
Storing information is a vital part of the human learning experience that proves human limitation through cognition. A limitation that is fundamental to brain functioning by exploring the capacity and duration of information storage. There are three parts of memory according to the dual-store memory. The sensory register is part...
Being skilled in critical thinking is assessing your thinking in a systematic manner, examining every aspect of it, evaluating its quality, and then improving it. We must develop logical conclusions based on well-informed assumptions and thoroughly comprehend our own point of view and examine all pertinent points of view. Reasoning...
Introduction Memory is involved in processing information in the mind, and its performance can be enhanced. Color is among the many variables that give rise to memorizing operations, and so it is a significant visual experience to humans. This makes colored images to be a powerful information conduit to the...
This article falls under the area of that behavioral intervention can improve the human brain’s cognitive functions. Scientists are of the opinion that brain training games have a direct impact on cognition and the ability to stimulate activities, proving a person’s mental fitness. According to Al-Thaqib (2018), after the experiment,...
Introduction Personal hardships might seem overwhelming and impossible to overcome by numerous people. Nowadays, when faced with pandemics, such hardships are seen in a more fatalistic manner. Unfortunately, I suffer from mental issues for the same reason as these individuals: the uncertainty surrounding the pandemics and the panic around it....
Introduction Although many people are used to separating people and animals, there are many stories that prove the fact that they share the same qualities and sometimes use the same approaches in solving various matters. For example, in the text My Life with the Chimpanzees, Dr. Jane Goodall discovered that...
Many changes occur during the adolescent phase of a human’s development. The brain changes, and as they interact with society and acquire knowledge, experience, and social demands, these variables produce unprecedented cognitive development. The changes in the thinking of an adolescent can even exceed the more obvious physical change. The...
Researchers can conduct specific experiments to test a particular cognitive construction. Thus, Thomas et al. (2003) organized two experiments to determine how repetition and sensory elaboration contribute to the imagination inflation effect. The authors focused on the idea that false memories can emerge due to a specific memory characteristic, including...
Common sense thinking relies on personal experience and offers the most popular way of explaining a situation. Psychological thinking focuses on evidence to assess and describe peopleās behavior. The sociological way of thinking considers the social structure and a human role within it to explain how the environment affects people....
I selected a news story that describes a recent study by Swedish scientists from the Karolinska Institutet who investigated the sense of smell. They made an unexpected discovery and refuted the traditional view of the relationship between smell and avoidance behavior. This news story appears attractive because it highlights that...
Operational and theoretical are connected discourse categories that describe two basic types of scientific and cognitive activity, as well as the structural components and levels of knowledge that result from these activities. The operational and theoretical typology is founded, first and foremost, on the separation of operational and theoretical research...
Introduction Most individuals tend to stay rigid to their false beliefs to an extent that it is almost impossible for facts to change their minds. In the article āWhy Facts Donāt Change Our Mindsā by James Clear, the author tries to explain why facts cannot change peopleās opinions concerning given...
Review of Cognitive Assessment The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children ā Second Edition (KABC ā II) is used for assessing the cognitive abilities of children from 2 to 12 years old (Lichtenberger & Kaufman, 2010). The Second addition extends the age range and can be used for children from 3...
