The metaphysical issue concerning free will and determinism is contradictory to human activities and the world in which we exist. Free will is the ability to choose an action from various alternatives and determine the most suitable to depend on. This ability enables an individual to reflect on one’s decision...
Introduction Each gender role is accompanied by a certain set of qualities that reflect the existing stereotypes of masculinity and femininity. In a narrow connection with the search for the meaning of life lies the desire to know oneself, one’s capabilities and abilities, the search for oneself in relationships with...
Introduction Among the moments that determine the boundless diversity of human personalities, the properties of the main processes of nervous activity that are part of brain functioning – excitation and inhibition – play an essential role. It is these processes occurring in the human brain that influence the totality of...
During the childhood phase, children tend to be experiencing emotions immensely. The disposition construct called social attachment is acquired during childhood, and combines thought, feeling, and behavioral intention. Children who engage with their educators in activities associated with social attachment through their learning acquire strong emotional bonds that cause them...
At the end of 1919, Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner set up an experiment designed to show the correctness of behavioral theory. Their task is to evoke, employing external stimuli, a complex mental emotion that did not exist before. Watson and Rayner chose an 11-month-old infant, “Albert B.”, for...
Introduction A tool that can be implemented to achieve success in addressing behavioral problems is applied behavioral analysis (ABA) and the techniques that align with the premise of reinforcing certain behaviors. Namely, teaching omnibus mands can be an efficient way to implement a verbal operant, which is then reinforced. The...
Identifying Information J. M. is a twenty-eight-year-old single Caucasian female presenting to the psychiatric health provider to undergo a psychiatric evaluation. The woman has no history of psychiatric disorders but recently undergone a traumatic experience due to an armed conflict occurring in her country. She was admitted to the facility...
Fink, G. (2016). Stress, definitions, mechanisms, and effects outlined: Lessons from anxiety. Elsevier Science & Technology, 1, 3-9. The study aims to present an overview of stress, including trauma reaction and neurobiological systems and stress outcomes addressing anxiety syndrome. Stress is the body’s natural reaction to any stimulus. Occupational stress...
Summary Electronic communication has dramatically improved in recent years, from using Morse codes in telegram communication to using radios to motion pictures in the modernly developed television. Private enterprises and the federal government worked together to build radios and television. These inventions resulted in tremendous advantages socially and in terms...
Theory of mind (ToM) allows people to develop a clear understanding that they do not share the same thoughts and feelings with others. Bergin and Bergin (2019) observe that “there are dramatic increases of ToM in children” (p. 266). This is the case because during early childhood, children tend to...
Introduction Applied psychology is a branch of psychology dealing with the application of psychological concepts in examining human behavior and implementing evidence-based solutions to alleviate issues human beings face in various walks of life. For example, contrary to experimental psychology, which focuses on research, applied psychology leverages this information to...
Introduction Harm reduction is a harm prevention approach that focuses on reducing the negative consequences of risky behaviors rather than eliminating the behaviors themselves. It is based on the premise that people will continue to engage in these behaviors, so the goal is to minimize the negative consequences. This may...
Introduction Society relies immensely on communication and cooperation, and while each country and culture has a different attitude toward these interpersonal relationships, morality, respect, and support are vital parts of any community. In this sense, positive connections and interactions and the promotion of social integration depend on prosocial behavior, a...
Young adults are experiencing a significant amount of stress during puberty, and the number of causes is expanding yearly. For instance, one of the common aspects that cause stress is the use of social media and online communication (Erath and Pettit, 2021). The spread of information is quick these days,...
It is common in the media space to hear about how children of the same age who grew up in the same family show different, often opposing, characters in the future. One of the brothers dedicates his life to studying and building a career, while the other begins to lead...
Much research has been done to correctly categorize a person’s age. The age after 60 and before death is considered late adulthood. However, many scientists argue that one category is not enough for such a long period. Since many factors affect the life of an organism, especially in late maturity,...
Introduction Self-regulation refers to the ability to manage emotions, behavior, and thoughts. A person is considered self-regulated when one can control disruptive emotions and impulses to pursue long-term goals. Acting out of intuition is counterproductive as it can lead to violent behavior. Therefore, self-regulation enables one to adopt coping strategies...
In the sociology of deviance, positivists define deviance, crime, and delinquency as a reality that exists for objective reasons. In turn, constructionists define these phenomena as a social construction, an idea attributed by society to some behavior. In other words, positivists emphasize essential, intrinsic, and predetermined characteristics common to all...
The difference between delinquent and criminal behavior is determined not by the age at which criminal responsibility begins (the commission of torts can occur in adulthood) but by the degree of awareness of the individual (Malizia, 2018). Destructive-deviant people are also called asocial personalities, sociopaths. The biological causes of deviance...
A person’s task during their life is to learn to take risks safely and choose the proper forms of risk. However, during adolescence, the peak of risky human behavior occurs. Firstly, this is because adolescents have a different attitude to their own death and do not perceive it as the...
Summary This presentation is an analysis of prosocial behavior in our surroundings and its impacts. It is mainly built upon observation of helping behavior in our community. I have observed the prosocial behavior of other people and engaged in prosocial behavior. The presentation has three parts. The first part is...
Scientific research is important for society as it combines theory, observations, data, and evidence to improve people’s knowledge about the world. Therefore, it can be viewed as an essential part of the problem-solving process in various aspects of life. In particular, psychology uses scientific research to address questions about behavior...
Introduction Behavioral change involves effectively transforming one’s habits and actions. Behaviors may become deeply rooted and develop into habitual behaviors that people execute without realizing. As a result, there may be a significant complication in the process of modifying the habits. Therefore, it is beneficial to comprehend the models and...
The article for the critical review is “Personality, intelligence, and counterproductive academic behaviors: A meta-analysis” by Cuadrado, Moscoso, and Salgado, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in 2021. The authors explore the widespread phenomenon of counterproductive academic behaviors (CAB) and aim to define their potential predictors. CAB...
Introduction Attachment, a psychological bond between people, is the central concept of the attachment theory in psychology. Psychologists coined the theory in the 1960s concerning the emotional development of children. One of the significant figures in formulating comprehensive attachment theory was Bowlby, who wrote a trilogy on the topic in...
Introduction The Zimbardo Prison Experiment, Milgram’s Study on Obedience, the Asch Conformity experiment, and the Elevator Conformity videos are all significant psychological experiments illuminating how people behave in social situations. Psychologists can better understand numerous cognitive processes by studying behavior, including inspiration, sentiment, awareness, and memory. By looking at apparent...
Introduction There are four main generally accepted theories of human health behavior: sociocognitive, transtheoretical, planned behavior, and human beliefs. Each has its own focus on the specifics of human behavior change and is most strongly influenced by specific manifestations of need, self-efficacy, trust, or other manifestations of behavior change incentives...
Introduction Helping behavior is a voluntary intention to benefit others and is common to many people. It promotes social interactions and promotes the creation of cohesive communities. Some researchers focus on genetic traits in identifying the factors that shape prosocial behavior, while others argue that the environment has a key...
Key Variables Influencing Helping Behavior: Enhancers and Barriers The three articles on helping behavior, From Jerusalem to Jericho, High Cost Helping Scenario, and Racial Differences in Helping Behaviors, have highlighted a variety of variables that can influence the likelihood of someone receiving help in a time of need. The main...
Main Forces Influencing Responses in Emergency Situations Diffusion of Responsibility There are two prevalent forces that influence bystanders not to take action during an emergency – unclear responsibility and personal distress. First, the presence of other people can trick the mind into thinking that different individuals can attend to the...
Introduction Homosexuality has long been a controversial and stigmatized topic in many societies worldwide. It is considered by many as a deviant behavior, one that goes against the normative expectations of gender roles and sexual preferences. Despite decades of scientific research showing that homosexuality is a natural and normal variation...
Introduction The behaviors that individuals exhibit are without a doubt modified by an important factor that can account for the similarities and differences that exist between each individual. Researchers in academia as well as the general public have all pointed out that nature, a person’s genetic makeup, and nurture, a...
The development of human behavior is a common topic of discussion in psychology. One of the most asked questions is whether nature or nurture has more impact on how people view and interact with the world. Here, nature refers to one’s genetic characteristics and biological traits. Nurture, in contrast, implies...
Introduction In the field of learning theory, classical conditioning belongs to behavioral psychology. It suggests that if a contextual stimulus is frequently coupled with a stimulus that occurs naturally, ultimately, the former will evoke a comparable reaction to the latter. The tests with dogs conducted by Russian biologist Ivan Pavlov...
Heroin is an illegal and highly addictive drug that has adverse effects on human body. Heroin is an opioid drug prepared from morphine obtained from the seed pod of opium poppy plants. Heroin can be black or white, depending on the manufacturing process and the ingredients used. People consume heroin...
Introduction Human behavior refers to how people react to various stimuli depending on their environment. Over the years, studies have been conducted to help understand why individual conduct varies over time. This research was purposefully conducted to facilitate critical analysis of how a person’s comportment changes depending on their experience....
For every teacher, it is necessary to use special guidance techniques that help children develop socially positive behaviors. In the video, the educator, Lina Rudolph, resorts to numerous methods, indicating that they are used from kindergarten to ensure children develop positively. The most important strategy is to elaborate a valid...
People conduct activities that indirectly or directly affect their health on a daily basis. Healthy behaviors aim to improve or maintain patterns that are beneficial to the body and mind, which help prevent illness, avoid injuries or simply reduce the stress level of the everyday routine. However, health behavior can...
The ease of creating and spreading false information has led to an unprecedented rise in misinformation regarding its scope and impact. Vosoughi et al. (2018) characterize misinformation as the process of producing inaccurate information that distorts the perception of the correct information and influences people’s decisions and actions. During emergencies,...
Introduction Communication problems usually happen on the interpersonal level when people fail to understand each other or say something offensive, thus spoiling the relationships. However, the roots of such problems can be traced to deep cultural differences (Samovar et al., 2017). The inability to recognize cultural diversity may lead to...
The dichotomy of obedience and disobedience lies at the core of human existence. The creation of laws in society implies some type of agreement to follow the established rules, thus obeying a certain power. At the same time, changes in these systems come from disobedience, when the laws are challenged,...
The word has become extremely important in numerous modern societies that emphasize high social mobility. The focus on the promotion of meritocracy in both democratic and autocratic capitalist nations has proven to be instrumental in encouraging millions of citizens to acquire useful knowledge and become efficient professionals and entrepreneurs. Therefore,...
The concept of human behavior is rather diverse and complex. It has been reviewed by multiple different sciences and subjects, encapsulating decades of research, surveys, and articles. Moreover, the assessment of human behavior can be more inclusive by incorporating underrepresented cultures, concepts, and beliefs. Researching this aspect can assist scientists...
Introduction Eye contact has been emphasized as a crucial part of communication; its importance cannot be stressed more. It has been prioritized by many prominent scholars and speakers as an essential component of ensuring messages are passed effectively to an audience in face-to-face communication. This essay reiterates the knowledge already...
Introduction Man as a product of nature and society is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. A person lives and acts by doing certain things. The single concept of behavior unites his activity and communication with other people. His basic socio-psychological properties are manifested in a person’s behavior, actions, and deeds....
Introduction It is important to note that human behavior in both its individual as well as collective forms can be understood and studied in a number of ways. However, unlike the mere observational and interpretive assessments, Geertz’s thick description focuses on the context, driving forces, and intentions through an in-depth...
Introduction The central paper’s theory states that a person’s life circumstances directly influence his behavior patterns. Various kinds of trauma can provoke such social phenomena as a violation of the social reality’s understanding and the decent ability to contact people. In addition, traumatic living conditions can affect the physiological characteristics...
A person’s or an animal’s behavior is predominantly regulated by underlying motivations and emotions. In this respect, the biological approach to explaining the link between the action and affective state(s) that caused it is based on the argument of homeostasis drive (Montgomery, 2018). In this view, all living organisms seek...
Both classical and operant conditioning can be used together in human-animal interaction. These types of conditioning are the basis for the formation of preferred behavior in animals, which they show more often when repeated (Martina et al., 2020). In training, these concepts can be used as the basis for the...
Behaviorism is a psychological approach to analyzing the demeanor of animals or humans. Although this science appeared around the beginning of the 20th century with the works of John Watson, there are several antecedent influences on behaviorism. Edward Thorndike developed the theory of connectionism to explain mental phenomena. The scientist...
The ability to express oneself and reject others allows one to create a healthy relationship. However, in an attempt to define personal boundaries, some individuals turn to aggression, which discourages and undermines trust. The opposite model of aggressive behavior is assertive, enabling acting on beliefs and desires and building effective...
Introduction Data related to student delinquency rates indicate that an increase in delinquency is not associated with improving behavior. Deviant behavior continues to occur in students regardless of whether they are suspended. Suspensions have been on the rise over the past 20 years, and only in some individual districts have...
Introduction Behaviorism is one of the most popular psychological perspectives of all time. John Watson is considered to be the founder of the behaviorist movement, as he was the first one to narrow down the field of psychology research. According to Sommers-Flanagan and Sommers-Flanagan (2018), Watson believed that introspection was...
The Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence (ABC) model is a framework used in cognitive behavioral therapy to identify, evaluate, and change problematic behaviors. In the case of Gwen, the therapist used this approach in one of the sessions, helping the client explore her problem and find ways to reduce distress while increasing...
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are the key processes to understanding human behavior, and it is important to present examples for both of them. Classical conditioning refers to the process of learning by association which occurs involuntarily, and it is present in the everyday activities of people. For instance, when...
Psychology is an exciting subject that elaborates on how the human mind can be understood as well as the overall behavior. Based on the course, there are several methods that can be used to assess and determine the conduct of an individual. Among the approaches learned in the course, the...
Many people tend to confuse the difference between behaviorism and cognitive science. Even though they both deal with human behavior, they are different in psychology. The difference is defined by what causes a particular behavior. Behaviorism is a branch of psychology that deals with people’s actions regarding the influence of...
Social skills are the particular actions associated with the effective execution of social duties. Though commonly disregarded, social skills training sessions are critical components of conduct and classroom planning processes. Furthermore, social skills therapies centered on developmental concepts help students with behavioral issues improve their social competencies and skills. Social...
What brought the redefinition of psychology into sharper focus for psychologists was work in animal psychology. Because it viewed humans as having evolved from animal forms, psychologists could not exclude animals from their study, creating animal psychology as a new field of research (Leahey, 2018). As a result, psychologists began...
Attachment can be defined as the bond shared between two or more persons. People may have emotional closeness with one another out of natural circumstances or actions created by one’s behavior (Fearon & Roisman, 2017). Therefore, the attachment theory is concerned with how people relate to each other in society,...
The debate regarding nurture against nature has been around psychology for a long time. To comprehensively understand this topic, it is better to absorb the difference between nurture and nature. According to Sravanti (2017), “nature is the genetic predisposition or biological makeup of an individual, while nurture is the physical...
Human beings tend to think that they are always in full cognition of what they do and the choice of their behavior all the time. Human behavior is one of the societies’ standard metrics to evaluate and describe people. Age and pain constitute some of the physical factors that affect...
Introduction The behavior, feelings, and thoughts of a human being is a complex entity that is thought to be influenced by so many things, and in my stance, nurture impacts human behavior to the highest degree. An individual’s mind controls how they act and thus their behavior. Usually, the mind...
Skinner’s book Verbal behavior explains the acquisition of language by a person from the perspective of the operant learning paradigm. Skinner tried to prove that the child begins to pronounce their first syllables and then the words only because they receive the parents’ praise. When the syllable “ma” is accidentally...
In most cases, people are often judged by their character, reasoning ability, and responses. This criterion is always related to good behaviors one exhibits, especially when faced with ethical challenges. Each person tends to respond differently to a particular situation, and mostly, there are more than one outcomes that are...
Human-Computer Interaction is a scientific field in the development of computer programs that focuses on arranging the most comfortable experience of using technological developments. These types of research focus on the field of interface as a design innovation that allows a person to interact with a machine in the most...
Introduction Interconnectivity between individuals is an essential factor among people cause of the profound effect of social relations under the family unit. The main responsibility of parents involves advocating for optimal coordination among children to enhance cognitive development. According to Gottman and Silver (2015), happy marriage involves developing shared meaning...
The term prosocial behavior refers to the positive social actions: helping others, the ability to share something, altruism, empathy, care, etc. Self-regulation denotes the direction of the action on the one who produces it. People regulate their mental state, and thus they will have the ability to empathize, the desire...
With an ever-expanding selection of gadgets, screen time has been increasingly incorporated into parenting routines; however, there may be unintended yet dangerous consequences for children’s health. Saunders and Vallance (2017, 323) state that children’s screen exposure begins from a very young age, with roughly half of the children and youth...
Effect of Bias on Mental Health The main idea that the author passes is how biasness affects people’s thinking about mental health. Biasness toward mental health can contribute to the misinterpretation of emotional expressions. The radio dramas in 1940 used as an instructional aid were chosen for two substantive reasons....
Methodological Behaviorism Methodological behaviorism is the feature that identifies psychology as the science to explore activities of humans and animals with the exclusion of the mental aspect. According to it, beliefs and desires do not influence behavior and should not be considered while explaining the cognitive aspects of being. Methodological...
Introduction The role of cognition of the surrounding world in human behavior cannot be overestimated. All people, no matter what closed environment they were brought up in, encounter other people, and get to know the world around them, and all this affects their upbringing and behavior. Cognition of the world...
Addiction is a complex process that is going on in the brain often dangerously unnoticed. When an addicted person inhales the smoke, drinks alcohol, or uses other ways to intake the drugs, they do not notice how fast the desire for the new dosage takes control over the limbic system....
Matrix Theory Overview Leader Example Similarities/Differences OrganizationalApplication Trait Leaders possess specific inborn qualities. Emergent traits: physical attractiveness and intelligence. Effectiveness traits: self-confidence, persistence, charisma. It does not matter “whether leadership traits were genetic or acquired” (Khan, Nawaz and Khan, 2016, p. 2). The theory is limited because it focuses only...
There are multiple issues that can lead to children’s unusual behavior. Parents sometimes fail to realize all the genetic and environmental factors that may stand behind their child’s attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nevertheless, the overall picture that takes into account multiple factors may point to a more severe health issue or mental...
Rosenhan’s article “Being Sane in Insane Places” is dedicated to the issue of sanity, insanity, and the line between them, if it exists at all. The researcher showed that distinguishing a sane person from an insane one is not easy, and the perception of normality varies greatly in different conditions....
People get into different situations and behave accordingly depending on the social group. Psychologists raise questions about why people submit to the opinion and advice of the group. Milgram conducted an experiment in which he analyzed the effect of authority on cognitive functions (mainly behavior). The experiment was part of...
Introduction Human beings are social creatures that follow codes of ethics in every aspect of their interaction. People interact through different platforms such as church and girls scout groups. The degree of obedience ensures a peaceful correlation amongst the individuals during the interaction. Presentation will emphasize the effectiveness of groups...
Introduction The subject of nature against nurture has always been a topic of heated debates and arguments. However, it is important to note that human behavior is a complex idea, which should not be studied as a whole, but rather on the basis of various aspects. Education and criminology are...
People have different motivations when it comes to acquiring new knowledge. Even students have a wide range of incentives for taking a certain program and working hard on their studies. Therefore, it is of major importance to analyze both intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation to develop the best strategy...
An individual cannot physically control their behavior for 24 hours. Half of the reactions and actions have their own triggers and are performed automatically. In general, people tend to use specific patterns of behavior as they interact with the outside world. Instead of utilizing new ways to respond to a...
The importance and significance of making particular decisions and changing behavior to protect against diseases, viruses and bacteria within the framework of COVID-19 are the following aspects. Thus, the elements mentioned above directly affect the change of different situations, thereby forming an active life position and a positive attitude. Independence...
The most effective way to help Josiah make informed decisions about his sexual behavior is to use motivational interviewing (MI) techniques. In particular, I believe it would be appropriate to use querying about the extremes by asking Josiah what changes will happen if he continues his risky sexual behavior. Such...
Motivation is a powerful concept that is often discussed within the context of behavioral psychology. In its general understanding, the motive is a driving force that pushes an individual toward a decision or an action. In most cases, this effect appears through the perceived alignment of the expected outcome and...
As presented in the case study, Jonathan often engages in disruptive behavior in the classroom, including interrupting the teacher, walking around the room, and throwing objects. These symptoms are signs that he has a disruptive behavior disorder (DBD). This disorder includes manifestations of destructive, aggressive, oppositional, and antisocial behavior. DBD...
The latest video games and systems frequently top gift ideas and dominated the conversation at school and at the family dinner. Nevertheless, parents may be concerned if their child’s conduct is influenced by video games, particularly those that show violence or conflict. It is difficult to draw a clear line...
Introduction Psychopathy is among humanity’s most intriguing disorders that Dr. Robert Hare, a renowned prison psychologist, sought to understand. After years of experience with criminals, Dr. Hare identified psychopaths as breeds of astute, ferocious predators who lack guilt, compassion, or impulse control (Egan, 2016). These individuals would eagerly break social...
Introduction All psychotherapy approaches work to address the underlying thought patterns that result in psychological distress. The different treatment methods that are mostly used include behavioral therapy, rational emotive behavioral therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and reality therapy. Every condition and situation calls for application of a specific type of strategy...
Summary Thanks to a subtle understanding of psychology, successful marketers can control people’s behavior and push them to specific actions. Learning about the self-concept and its connection with consumer behavior helps determine what products customers need and how to attract their attention to the brand. By understanding this connection, you...
The majority of human and animal actions have a favorable relationship with brain activity. Humans developed from their animal cousins, the apes, according to the well-known theory of evolution, and the two have similar qualities (Rowlands, 2020). Uncovering the underlying principles that drive these actions is crucial to comprehending this...
Introduction The modern reality of access to a wide variety of products and experiences has a significant drawback: individuals develop addictions to them. Gaming, shopping, working, the internet, alcohol, nicotine, and other drugs lead to severe mental and physical diseases, causing a massive burden to healthcare industries and economies. Addictions...
The nurture versus nature debate is perhaps the most classical philosophical concern in psychology. In the debate, nurture represents environmental aspects that influence human behavior, while nature represents genetic variables that determine a person’s behavior. Plato argues that a significant number of things happen naturally without the interference of the...
The health belief model (HBM) and the transtheoretical model (TTM) are two approaches to explaining the health behavior of an individual and predicting the possible changes in it. It is worth noting that the notion of a model is not synonymic to theory but presupposes the possibility of applying, in...
It is common knowledge among psychologists and neuroscientists that adolescence is a period of heightened reported and observed risk-taking. According to Crone and van Duijvenvoorde (2021), adolescence is the stage of development at which people turn into adults – that is, society’s independent members. In order for the research on...
The topic of social behavior is of the greatest importance in modern social psychology. Psychologists distinguish several types of social behavior, including competitive behavior. Social behavior should be considered from the psychological impact on people and their position in society. It implies a psychological impact on people and the occupation...
Society is an association of people, which realizes its main strength as a single concrete position supported by a considerable number of individuals. A person, being a direct part of a community, regularly possesses the opportunity to observe the actions and habits of the members of his environment. Conformity, nonconformists,...
Learning is a continuous process of memorizing information and acquiring new habits or models of behavior in different situations. The central concepts of learning are reflexes, instincts, and associative learning, which help to explain how individuals acquire new habits and skills. The theories of learning within these concepts have been...
For many centuries, scientists from various fields have been studying human nature. A fascinating aspect is a behavioral aspect, which is a reflection of an individual’s reaction to various life situations. For a deeper analysis of this area, a science called behaviorism was introduced. One of the intriguing parts of...
Introduction Psychological knowledge, methods, tools, and theories are an essential and integral part of some therapeutic and preventive measures in a care setting. Understanding and application of these concepts in practice are absolutely necessary for the work of any medical and social worker. With the help of these theories, specialists...
The dissertation entitled “Relationship of proactive personality, financial planning behavior and life satisfaction” by Lisa Smith was published in 2017. It aims to investigate the correlation between “personality, financial planning behaviors, and retirement life satisfaction” in order to determine the importance of proactivity in these areas (Smith, 2017, p. 1)....
