Introduction The concept of self-referencing has been of interest to cognitive psychologists for some time. More recently, researchers have worked to further understand the effects of self-referencing on memory. In particular, the self-referencing effect has been explored across a range of domains, including performance, motivation, and learning (Durbin et al.,...
Introduction Psychology studies the structure and function of the mind, behavior, and thought, including perception, memory, motivation, and emotion. Studying these mental processes has led to the development of numerous scientific principles for explaining behavior (Vansteenkiste et al., 2020). Psychologists have extended these principles to other human experiences, such as...
Introduction The phenomenon of the Stroop effect is explained in different ways by different researchers. A number of theories are commonly adhered to, which are far from being mutually exclusive (Raz et al., 2006; Erdodi et al., 2018; Daniel & Kapoula, 2019). The main theories of automaticity, selective attention, and...
Introduction Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is presented in his concept as a pyramid, with basic needs at the base and higher-level, intangible necessities at the pinnacle. They include: The Four Phases of the Sexual Response Cycle Four steps have been identified in the sexual response cycle desire (libido), arousal (excitement),...
The hierarchy proposed by Abraham Maslow affects people’s lives, their behavior and actions on a daily basis. The idea of ​​hierarchy is that human needs can range from the most basic, necessary for survival, to the higher, related to spirituality (Spielman, 2020). If the needs of the first level are...
Introduction People have long been interested in determining lies and truth for a long time since few people like to be fooled. The modern world is filled with various forms of lies, and due to the abundance of information that creates noise, most do not pay attention to true or...
Introduction People can discuss their problems with their colleagues in a group therapy setting, who might be able to understand them more effectively. More importantly, since another participant inside the group may have had a similar circumstance and may provide assistance, people can gain knowledge from others who are dealing...
The term impostor syndrome was originally coined by two research psychologists, Dr. Pauline Clance and Dr. Suzanne Eames, at the University of Georgia in 1978 (Taylor, 2020). These psychologists discovered a phenomenon in which people who have achieved certain successes have a secret feeling that they are not so smart,...
Introduction Strength and evidenced-based helping strategies are psychological approaches that focus on the positive attributes of an individual. It is a work practice theory that focuses on the person’s self-determination and strength. Such methods are primarily based on the argument that a client is the agent of change. The models...
Introduction The MAKSS results evaluation was truly eye-opening for me. Starting the survey with culture was initially relaxing because I find comfort in identifying, relating to, and understanding my cultural background and being open and understanding of the cultural backgrounds of others. I am aware that my cultural background influences...
Summary Music interaction therapy is an interactive play-based method of therapy for children with autism that mimics the interactions between parents and newborns that contribute to language development in a normal kid. It is performed with increasingly advanced expectations for cognitive and self-help abilities, as well as age-appropriate standards in...
Summary An action is classified as intrinsically motivated when it is done for its own sake rather than for a specific outcome. A person is said to be internally driven when they act out of their own will rather than in reaction to foreign pressures, motivations, or rewards. Newborn infants...
Human intelligence is one of the personality traits constantly being studied from various perspectives. However, this concept often means development as a more critical parameter for solving everyday problems. Although a massive part of a person’s life depends on common intelligence, emotional intelligence (EI) is no less important. This personality...
Introduction The biopsychosocial (BPS) perspective posited in 1977 by George Engel was considered one of the biggest advancements realized in the field of psychiatry and medicine. Under the biomedical perception, sicknesses were regarded as having physiological aetiologies only diagnosed through precise biochemical markers and subsequently treated via physical interventions (Tripathi...
Psychology is a fundamental science of human consciousness and various societal relationships, which analyzes and evaluates behavior in different conditions. As well as individuality, organizations require a psychological assessment that will determine the strengths and weaknesses, which will subsequently lead to practical work to improve the overall situation. Industrial and...
Introduction Humanistic-existential therapy has features of both humanistic and existential therapy. These approaches focus on how a person is realized in life, assuming their innate best ability to achieve happiness. Existential therapy focuses more on making life meaningful, while humanistic therapy focuses on the client’s strengths and abilities (Georganda, 2021)....
Historiography of psychology views it as simultaneously an old and young discipline. The first people to study the questions that relate to modern psychology were ancient Greek philosophers 2500 years ago. However, the discipline of psychology itself was only born in the nineteenth century when scientific methods were applied to...
On an everyday basis, critical thinking helps people feed their scientific attitude and encourage more innovative thinking by encouraging them to test ideas and hypotheses, look deeper into assumptions, analyze sources of evidence, get to know any hidden biases, and assess conclusions. In addition, critical thinking has helped people have...
Importance of Ethics in Counseling Ethics are crucial in counseling because they outline the code of action for all professional counselors. The client’s welfare should be protected at all costs, and the Code of Ethics is the primary source of support for clients and counselors looking to receive and provide...
The concepts of learning and the development of habits that allow one to respond to certain scenarios appropriately have been the subject of close attention from behaviorists, psychologists, and neurologists for quite some time. With the emergence of the theoretical framework that has shed light on the issue, multiple explanations...
This paper is a reflection on chapters one and two of the textbook “Psychology.” In chapter one of Psychology, Mayers and DeWall (2021) discuss psychology as a science. Mainly, one has to be able to critically analyze the information and data they receive from varied sources. Today, people have access...
Since the second half of the 20th century, psychologists have been trying to introduce such an understanding into theoretical and practical psychology. It affects most people and culture as a whole and is not directed only at people with mental pathology (Hart, 2020). Thus, positive psychology emerged as a particular...
Psychology is a science that studies human mental and behavioral patterns that affect all life spheres. It is interconnected with a great variety of other anthropocentric or human-centered sciences. Thus, humanistic studies are impossible without thorough psychological research and relevant, accurate data. To provide it, psychologists should continuously conduct new...
Roberts and Rizzo’s (2021) article covers racism, particularly in the U.S. The authors posit that discrimination is a learned aspect that proceeds due to some underlying psychological facets that can be corrected. According to the scholars, America provides an appropriate platform to study xenophobia due to several factors. Among such...
Vicarious trauma is secondary trauma, which affects a person interacting with another traumatized individual. It is more likely to develop if he or she is under constant and regular exposure to trauma victims, which can generate a traumatic response on its own. Therefore, dealing with and preventing vicarious trauma is...
Introduction Stress is any type of change that causes physical, emotional, or psychological strain to people. It is the response your body gives to anything that requires attention or action. Adolescents are vulnerable to the problems associated with academic stress (Reddy et al., 2018). Stress is part of academic life...
It is challenging for one to define a clear boundary between whether a person is good or bad. However, one may argue that all people are born good since one has no idea what evil is being newborn. In the future, a person’s actions in certain circumstances determine who the...
Introduction Psychology is a crucial subject that studies how people think, feel, and behave. The discipline entails all dimensions of human experience, ranging from brain functioning to rational acts and from infant growth to elderly care. Moreover, it is a comprehensive discipline encompassing all aspects of the human experience. In...
Introduction The correlation between money and happiness has always been a question for debate. On the one hand, money has both absolute and relative impact: individuals enjoy being rich and being richer than others (D’Ambrosio et al. 2). Consequently, an increase in income and wealth should logically lead to a...
The psychological sources of stress are numerous, but they can be summarized as the failure of an individual to address their particular needs. They might include problems in the workplace, struggles with finances as well as various issues in relationships with other people, daily life, and the process of one’s...
Introduction The interaction between play as a unique phenomenon and culture remains a controversial issue in the interdisciplinary sciences. For decades, the social, cultural, and psychological experiences of play have been explored and several theoretical foundations developed. One of the most popular frameworks for linking play to culture is the...
An individual working as a psychologist should adhere to the ethical principles of psychologists and comply with the code of conduct. The first two ethical principles are Beneficence and Nonmaleficence and Fidelity and Responsibility (American Psychological Association, 2017). The first principle implies that a psychologist has to take care of...
Introduction I will be presenting how my social psychology understanding affects the presentation to be watched by others. I will as well be discussing how the knowledge from this field will influence my public speaking in the future. Similarly, I will be tackling how skills gained from social psychology will...
Introduction As the title of the memoir, “The Lives of a Flaneur” by Aleksandar Hemon suggests, the author has carried on with many lives where in his essays of recollections, Hemon is expressing the struggles of shifting knowledge and feeling of home with displacement that he had to experience as...
Objectives The primary objective of the research was to develop a theory regarding the importance of peer relationships among the oldest and youngest children. The question the scholars ask in the title is whether birth order is important in peer relationships. Therefore, the objective is met by applying the key...
Meditation is practiced in many different ways and is known for relaxing the mind. In general, however, meditation involves focusing attention on something, such as breath, a mantra or a certain object, while letting go of thoughts and emotions that are not related to that focus. Meditation helps to develop...
Mental health in the Islamic culture is a controversial topic because of the modern perception that psychology and mental health concerns are western constructs. Therefore, some Muslims do not believe in mental health issues and state that they do not apply to them. Other Muslims might state that all they...
Evoking a startling response using classical conditioning in an unsuspecting person can be achieved in a typical setting. In this case, the specific choice scenario is in our hostel room between eight in the evening and midnight, when my roommate typically does his private studies. I will set the alarm...
This essay is a review of Entwistle (2015) and consists of three sections. Chapters eight to eleven are summarized in the first part of this paper, the second part is a commentary on these chapters, and the final section is an overview of how the knowledge can be applied. Chapter...
fMRI and Social Interaction Hyperscanning, which involves scanning the brains of two or more people at the same time, holds a lot of potential for understanding the neurological underpinnings of social cognitive functions. A study handled by Misaki et al. (2020) aims to examine the premise of using fMRI hyperscanning...
Introduction One of the most well-researched areas where the Pygmalion effect is manifested is education. It has been found that students achieve academic results consistent with their teachers’ expectations (Szumski and Karwowski 4). If a teacher has high expectations, the student performs much better compared to the one who receives...
Aging can cause both positive and negative emotions in people. Many are faced with harsh feelings that prevent them from leading a normal lifestyle. Psychology, especially positive psychology, can help cope with this problem. This work aims to study the difference between these sciences in order to better understand how...
Introduction Memory is the recollection of past or stored information and using it in the present. Individuals vary in the capacity of containing information in the brain, while some may possess short- or long-term memorization abilities. Some people have long memories while others suffer from memory failure, which needs practical...
The cognitive dissonance theory was developed by Elliot Aronson to describe the circumstances when a person is faced with two conflicting attitudes that undermine their self-esteem. Cognitive dissonance can also occur when an individual decides by choosing between two conflicting positions (Aronson et al., 2019). For example, in Season 1...
Introduction Creativity is a significant factor in today’s global world as it drives many social, psychological, and economic activities. Through creativity, people can communicate globally, realize their passions and identities create employment and solve medical issues. The rapid development of civilization and economic growth results from creative ideas and talents...
Mental health interventions mean allowing a person who requires support to obtain it in the way that is most appropriate for it. Mental health intervention is first to develop approaches that work for the population and then evaluate the effectiveness of treatment for people with different needs. Along with this...
Introduction Abraham Maslow is credited with research on the hierarchy of needs that contains five components: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. For human beings to attain their potential as outlined within Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, they must become interdisciplinary (Navy, 2020). Disciplines such as humanities, social sciences, natural sciences,...
Our minds merely cannot attend to two things at once. As a result of attention being a limited resource, selective attention helps us to filter irrelevant variables and concentrate on what matters. While watching the video by Simons (2010), the people dressed in white passed the basketball 15 times. However,...
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a diagnostic that is studies find more prevalent in war veterans than the rest of the general population. In their research on PTSD, Coleman et al. (2019) examine differences in symptoms in African American and Caucasian male veterans. The hypothesis of the paper was that...
Our brains are wired to learn about others quickly, and our perception skills improve from time to time. We prefer faces and emotional expressions over other visual patterns. So we use attention and high reasoning to synthesize information about others. Individuals quickly learn to distinguish between people and their feelings...
The phenomenon of structuralism had a rather brief time of dominating the realm of psychology, yet its influence has sent quite several ripples across the psychological practice. Although the framework is no longer applied, and the movement has effectively ceased to exist, it still produced a range of ideas crucial...
Introduction An impactful dream I had recently was an episode of sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis prevents the sleeper from moving during REM sleep but can happen when waking up (Coon et al., 2022). It also co-occurs with hypnopompic hallucinations that can be pretty confusing and frightening and suffocating (Suni &...
Researchers sometimes deceive participants in psychological research and experiments on methodological grounds. There are two main objections to methodological deception, related to the risk of causing psychological harm to research participants and violating their autonomy. In my opinion, methods of deception can be used in psychological research without causing significant...
The stigma surrounding mental health and illness affects people struggling with mental conditions. According to Mannarini and Rossi (2019), “many persons suffering from common mental disorders may not receive appropriate (therapeutic) social support due to the community’s lack of awareness” (p. 1). In turn, a historical understanding of how individuals...
Introduction The critical evaluation aims to discuss the aspects of methodology illustrated in two selected articles by establishing the relationship between the articles and the relevant material from the course. To be able to achieve this purpose, the evaluation shows the writer’s comprehension of the different research methodologies taught in...
Introduction Of all the types of psychotherapies, group psychotherapy has evolved over the years. This particular type of therapy is ideal for situations that for addressing problems that are associated with mental wellbeing. Group psychotherapy involves either one or more therapists who lead several patients with psychic issues. Generally, members...
Most people cannot imagine a day without living in society and completing their expected or imposed responsibilities. In the offered online brief TED Talk, the bystander effect is properly illustrated and discussed to prove the existing paradox of human nature (SoulPancake). Many specific concepts are associated with this phenomenon, including...
Introduction Psychology is a critical field of knowledge that is becoming more important in the modern world. It is a science studying the human mind, its functions, and factors affecting individuals’ behaviors in different contexts. It means that most theories existing in this field can be applied to various aspects...
Self-regulation is the ability to acknowledge that a decision is supposed to be made. Therefore, one takes time to apply critical thinking skills and evaluate the available alternatives before deciding. In other words, it allows one to assess their choices before making a final decision; therefore, it ensures that minimal...
Introduction Studying psychology can be fascinating because one can fully understand mental processes and human behavior. A deeper comprehension of human conditions is always a key objective for psychologists. However, the concepts taught in classes can also have an impact on the learner’s development as a person. The focus of...
Introduction Immigrants in any country in the world have always had a harder time adjusting to the conditions and circumstances of living than local residents. This is why it is essential to take a particularly thoughtful approach when working with them in therapy. It is necessary to be sensitive and...
Essential counseling micro-skills are skills the use of which the counselor makes their goal of helping the client attainable in terms of the approach to therapy. These skills assist in creating an atmosphere of trust and acceptance and facilitate the development of positive changes in the counseling process. In addition,...
It is not uncommon for therapists to get sexually attracted to their patients. According to American Psychological Association (APA, 2017), engaging in sexual relationships with current clients is unethical. Section 3.05 of the Code of Conduct for therapists states that multiple relationships with clients are allowed only as exceptional instances....
The principles of psychology are a set of mechanisms applied to individuals to understand neurophysiology and features of psychology. These principles visually assess an individual’s psychological state and cognitive abilities (thinking and learning). It is believed that the use of psychological principles in learning and behavior solves the problems associated...
Correction systems play a crucial role in preserving the stability and security of individuals in society by ensuring that lawbreakers understand their wrongdoing and deter further crimes. At the same time, prisons significantly impact the people within them, including inmates and employees. Both of those groups are at high risk...
The term conformity in popular psychology refers to the tendency of an individual to comply with an established set of standards or rules. It typically manifests itself in the instances of regular, expected behavior that matches the patterns exhibited by the majority of society. Interestingly, people are prone to perceive...
Virtue ethics is one of the three existing approaches to normative ethics that focuses on the development of an individual’s moral character. Virtue ethics suggest that following the path of morality and practicing virtuous habits such as honesty, bravery, and generosity cultivates an individual’s moral character. The character approach is...
The following aspects are relevant to the psychological models of addiction. Firstly, the fundamental indicators of demographic characteristics include gender, age, family, and education. The needs and problems of men and women, people of different ages differ significantly. The psychological profile is influenced by marital status, education, profession, and income...
Summary In the article entitled “The Kingdom of Dogs,” Adams (2020) offers a different perspective on Pavlov’s experiments with dogs that led to the discovery of classical conditioning. The author suggests that animals should be viewed not as passive research objects but as active subjects, possessing distinctive characters and developing...
Introduction Many personality theories are influenced by the biographies of their creators. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud are among the greatest psychoanalysts of the 20th century, who underlaid the basis of personality theories. This paper aims to analyze the interconnection between the theories of Freud and Jung and their environment....
The efficacy of asking questions has been proven by multiple researchers engaged in investigating the mechanisms of the human psyche. Proper questions help people explore much about themselves and the surrounding world. Many interrogative techniques have been offered to trace one’s development. Moreover, counselor services are growing in popularity since...
Granville Stanley Hall, who is frequently referred to as G. Stanley Hall, warrants mentioning among the fathers of American psychology in general and developmental psychology in particular. As a lecturer, he influenced a considerable range of other psychologists that are currently known as the leading ones. However, the main point...
As is the case in other social sciences, psychology heavily relies on statistical analysis and empirical research to ground its hypotheses and increase its scientifical value. In summarizing some of the most notable articles in the psychological research field, a writer is to take into account the statistical tools it...
Intelligence, as a concept, has become a topic for many debates providing ground for new ideas in psychology. The very notion of intelligence is a point of controversy as there are various definitions, and each of them focuses on different topics. Some researchers suggest that intelligence is a general ability...
Since ancient times, people have tried to capture the most critical moments in civilization’s development through various forms of creativity. Art has been used for dialogue between cultures and, as well as religion, to explain life and natural phenomena that defied scientific justification (Hauser, 2018). Different kinds of art, including...
Introduction Psychology is a scientific discipline that studies individuals’ minds and behavior, including other fields such as human development, health, cognitive process, and social behavior. It is believed to have existed in ancient Greece and Egypt and has been associated with philosophy but became an independent entity later. Psychology is...
Introduction In modern psychology, the forms of Therapy differ substantially in their strengths, weaknesses, and approaches to providing psychological services to marginalized people. This paper provides a comparative analysis of three of these types, namely Gestalt therapy, Person-centered Therapy, and Feminist Therapy. It accounts for the pros and cons of...
Systematized knowledge of the history of the subject Having received detailed information about the development of psychology and its formation as a full-fledged science, I have a more complete idea of the versatility of this discipline. Originating in ancient Greece as the science of the soul, psychology was initially perceived...
Introduction Literary theories developed throughout the 20th century are essential in scientific discussions regarding the evaluation of various writings, allowing for a thorough investigation of literary qualities present. The formalist approaches to this topic had a tremendous impact on the studies of literature and languages, highlighting the distinctiveness of works...
The War for Kindness makes a deep exploration of the element of empathy, how it manifests in society and its significance in improving human interactions across the globe. The book opens with a clear revelation of the circumstances through which empathy can materialize within societies. Jamil Zaki’s narration of his...
The source of human knowledge remains a debatable issue due to the existence of diverse philosophical arguments. The skepticism theory involves questioning the likelihood or certainty of acquaintance. According to Vaughn, people lack knowledge in fundamental ways and their beliefs are unfounded or false (276). Skeptics question the sufficiency or...
For a long time, IQ tests were considered objective and the only method for measuring intellectual development. However, some researchers rejected this approach, which led to the occurrence of more complex theories. For example, Gardner and Sternberg proposed focusing on intellectual abilities which might be applicable outside of an academic...
The article examines the clinical differences between bipolar disorder type I (BDI) and bipolar disorder type II (BDII) since the difficulty in choosing a correct diagnosis often leads to poorly treated patients. The study focuses explicitly on critical differentiating factors such as an illness course and developmental antecedents. The study’s...
Introduction According to the new shorter Oxford dictionary, coping is to contend successfully with (an opponent, difficulty situation, etc), to deal completely with one’s or situation (Thompson, 1993). Reflecting on this, it is a lay definition. This is sharply contrasted by a more elaborate definitions offered by academicians such as...
Introduction Psychology is a science and art that uses theories and concepts to understand and explain people’s behavior. It is a practical discipline that can be applied for personal and career development. Healthcare professionals see the need to integrate psychological concepts in assessments, treatment, and management of patients. To enhance...
Purpose In 2017, Goldberg conducted a thorough review of literature related to the link between counseling psychology and mindfulness and presented his analysis of the findings in the article, “Why Mindfulness Belongs in Counseling Psychology.” Counseling psychology is aimed at increasing individuals’ well-being in different ways. Many various discussions take...
Introduction The nexus between scientific methods and the discipline of psychology cannot be gainsaid. That the two phenomena are interrelated can be confirmed through several factual assertions by the principles of science and psychology. Precisely, psychology uses several scientific methods to explain the human behaviour and the evolution of the...
The theory of sociological imagination allows looking at familiar situations from a completely different angle. Thanks to the term developed by Wright Mills, social and everyday problems of an individual can be viewed not from the standpoint of a single subject, but the point of view of complex interconnections (“1.1B,”...
A fallacy is an argument that uses invalid and inaccurate premises in making a certain assertion. Fundamentally, fallacy emanates from poor reasoning that leads to inaccurate or invalid inferences. When making arguments, people often encounter fallacies, which distort the meaning and relevance of the said. Hence, for people to apply...
Most psychotherapy researchers focus exclusively on various clinical interventions but they fail to acknowledge psychotherapists who utilize their research findings. In most cases, these researchers do not find the relevance of the experiences, skills and personality of therapists. This essay describes some of the features that psychotherapy researchers should know...
Introduction It is human nature to investigate, analyze, and comment on the already developed theories and judgments. Nowadays, the idea of disposing myths turns out to be an interesting and provocative activity as it is a good chance to evaluate evidence and share new conclusions. In this paper, attention will...
In this paragraph, the word anxious is defined as a mental state characterized by feelings of disquiet, worry, uneasiness, and tension. Another definition of anxious can be derived from the state, which is causal to these feelings, i.e., anxiety. Since anxiety is “the mind and body’s reaction to stressful, dangerous,...
The pursuit of happiness and the pursuit of money have become synonymous in most modern societies, especially given the pervasive nature of capitalism. Materialism has become the guiding philosophy hinged on the assumption that more money is strongly correlated with increasing happiness. This perspective could be true when looked at...
Despite that psychology is a comparatively new science, its origin can be traced back to Socrates’s and Aristotle’s times. Primarily, the subject of psychology’s study is to investigate conscious and unconscious phenomena, behavior, and mental processes that occur in human beings, including their feeling and thoughts. Thus, this paper aims...
Introduction Falsifiability is a concept in philosophy that was introduced by Karl Popper in the 1930s as the touchstone for modern science. According to Stanovich (2010), the falsifiability criterion is a principle that states that a scientific theory should be stated in a way that any predictions that are made...
Introduction Whenever any psychological research is conducted, it is essential to uphold high standards of ethics. Most psychological schools and organizations have laid out codes of ethics to be followed in any psychological research; these must be followed for mutual understanding with the participants. Generally, in every research, consideration should...
Introduction The purpose of this essay is to address primary elements of cross-cultural psychology. It shows the relationship between culture and psychology, the role of critical thinking and methodology applied in cross-cultural psychology. Several factors, particularly biological, contribute in shaping a person’s behaviors. However, experiences play critical roles in shaping...
