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Positive thinking is a type of worldview in which an individual evaluates and perceives only the constructive aspects of life. Cognitive psychology deals with emotions and how a person recognizes new information and experiences. Positivity in managing mental well-being allows one to be aware of the surroundings as a supportive...
In classical conditioning, the conditioned response often resembles the usual response to an unconditional stimulus. Salivation, for example, is a normal reaction of a dog when it sees food. Although, when it comes to teaching the dog something new, for example, a complicated trick, classical conditioning will be of no...
Conceptualization The roles that each person plays within their family context is defined by a plethora of factors ranging from their upbringing to culture specifics to mental health problems that may be present in the family in question, and many other issues. However, despite the fact that there is an...
Introduction The number of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has noticeably increased over the past decade; it is especially high in developed countries since they are more opportunities to diagnose it at a young age. However, understanding how families perceive this disorder may help specialists to realize how...
What is the mind/body problem and how does the nature of the mind relate to the brain? Essentially, the mind-body problem is a useful question in understanding how the brain states are interpreted to analyze different psychological situations (Cucu and Brian 95). This discussion examines two critical theories of mind...
Although I am a bit far from my adolescence, looking back to those days made me realize that I had gone through the most important stage, which was challenging and full of emotions. Several developmental theorists have influenced the current understanding of the period between adolescence and early adulthood. Jean...
Competent public speakers use various techniques to connect with their audience and successfully deliver their message. Rita Pierson’s TED Talk shows just how a speaker can masterfully infuse their speech with what matters most to connect with listeners (TED, 2013). To bring out the elements that enhanced her speech, they...
Introduction The utilization of theories is essential for counseling professionals for many reasons. Theory ensures consistency between understanding, interpretation, and action, which is vital to achieving positive results. Moreover, utilization of a theory promotes integrity and smooth transition of clients from one counselor to another if it is required. The...
Personal Introduction to Adulthood Many people mature into adulthood in significantly different ways due to the variety of circumstances that can affect the process. To explain them and obtain a better perspective on the development stage, scholars have formulated a variety of theories. Personal characteristics are a significant predictor that...
The mind works best when it has no distractions and is focused on the task at hand. Such distractions as anxiety, fear, worries, and doubts make it pre-occupied, thus preventing an appropriate focus on the relevant things. According to experts, being nervous undermines expert performance. Even when a person is...
Theory of mind (TOM) is an essential psychological process that helps humans function in society. Zhou et al. (2019) conducted an experimental study where they investigated how TOM, inhibitory control, and healthy aging were related. In the experiment, six groups of participants of six age groups completed tasks for cognitive...
Language development is a course during which a child learns to communicate and understand speech during childhood. From the first day of life, kids develop language skills in a rapid manner. Babies react strongly to the human voice and prefer it to other sounds. Specifically, they incline toward a higher...
Schizophrenia is a condition that severely affects the functioning of the patient. Thus, the disorder can affect the afflicted person’s thought process, speech, perception of reality, emotions, and actions. Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia are known to have a disorganized thought process and are unable to develop coherent thoughts and ideas....
Introduction As cares shifts from being physician-led to person-centered, it becomes important to go beyond the typical condition and incorporate a patients’ beliefs and values. Children with emotional and behavioral problems might pose a serious challenge because their perception is far from normal due to the experiences they might have...
Introduction While one’s physical health and mental condition may seem separate notions, they are deeply intertwined. Therefore, a special field appeared to examine this connection in a variety of settings. Health psychology is applied in clinical settings, as well as in a range of studies that evaluate the impact of...
The research on the analysis of brain activity to identify the properties of memory and the possibilities of manipulating it is a significant breakthrough in neurobiology. In their speech, Steve Ramirez and Xu Liu say that the hippocampus is a part of the brain that contains cells responsible for memories...
Many people currently hold the opinion that human development happens step by step. Although many researchers produced their theories based on stage like development, some scientists do not agree. Undoubtedly, all kinds of people worldwide change constantly during their lives. Every particular person experiences alterations in their way, being influenced...
Abstract Family is the main element of society and the psychologists and the scientists of other fields try to consider this element from different parts in order to understand its significance and explain its effect on the social opinion. The problem of conflicts in family became core in the modern...
Introduction In the daily workflow, early childhood professionals encounter various issues primarily conditioned by the diversity of children and their families who have different backgrounds, problems, and values. Thus, the professional should possess profound knowledge and practical skills to provide timely and appropriate help to all children, irrespective of their...
The work by Erving Goffman The presentation of self in everyday life was published in 1959, but it remains one of the essential books in sociology. The author uses the concept of theater to show how people interact with each other in daily life. Goffman portrayed people as actors, each...
Coping with the loss of a loved one through death is a difficult experience that people must go through at some point in life, making the study of grieving models important. Shier and Graham (2011) posit that the social worker’s knowledge of the various ways different persons respond to grief...
In her speech on TedTalks, Brown (2010) discussed the following statement: “Lean into the discomfort of the work”. In my point of view, it means to think outside the box and focus on challenges, as well as the ways to improve. For example, in social work, it is especially important...
Children rely on caregivers, either parents or other individuals responsible for a minor, in the satisfaction of their essential needs. Food, shelter, security, and many other things are the basics of child care, and many people are deprived of it due to abuse. Child abuse can take many forms and...
Creative Confidence The common beliefs on creativity are shaped by the misconception that it is an inherent quality, and some people are born creative while others are not. However, creativity can be taught, and nowadays, many companies, teachers, and designers come up with different techniques to develop one’s creative skills....
Getting into educating young children, one must fully realize that teaching skills and knowledge on the specific subject are not enough for success. It demands understanding specific groups of students’ psychology as well. Children up to the age of 8 are especially vulnerable as they are only starting to learn...
Physical and cognitive development in such an essential period of human life as infancy is critical to the quality of people’s lives, and my personal experience indicates the rapid pace of this process. These two aspects are interrelated since the researchers proved that the successful acquisition of fundamental motor skills...
Adolescent egocentrism is a concept that has attracted diverse views among different people. David Elkind developed this idea based on the personal fable and imaginary audience components (Bell & Bromnick, 2003). He argued that adolescents experience mentally constructed anticipations about what others think and the way they react to them....
Introduction The cognitive dissonance theory explains the phenomenon where a person experiences tension and anxiety when that person has two opposing thoughts in mind. Dissonance is directly proportional to the importance of a certain ideology, intensity of opposing views and absence of rational decision making. When a person believes something...
Go Caterpillar is a toy designed for toddlers aged from 9 months to approximately three years. The toy is not gender-specific, so it is equally suitable for girls and boys. It is shaped like a small caterpillar that has four wheels filled with rainbow beads (see Appendix). The child can...
Pregnancy is one of the most significant periods in the life of any woman. While, on the one hand, this is a beautiful process of creating a new life, the reverse side of pregnancy should also be taken into account. This condition is simultaneously combined with a massive restructuring of...
Anorexia is an eating disorder characterized by deliberate weight loss. Although Peggy Claude-Pierre does not have formal education in the cure of eating disorders, she operates a popular clinic in British Columbia, which treats only the most severe cases (Streisand). She claims that she knows what causes anorexia and bulimia,...
The topic of personality has been widely studied in psychological research throughout the decades. It has also been embedded into everyday conversations between people as it is very common to say “they have such a great personality” when describing an individual. Personality is defined as a combination of behavioral patterns,...
The relevance of the study of student learning behavior is determined by various factors that influence it. Such a factor as stress takes the leading place among the nuances that determine students’ behavior in a university. Today’s volume and intensity of the work-loads experienced by students often approach a level...
Deviance can be defined as any action, thought, or feeling that violates norms and values that are accepted in a group or society. When the accepted attitudes and rules of coordinating the interactions between people are disrupted intentionally, it points to some form of deviant behavior (Kramer, 2015). Workplace bullying...
Introduction With the rapid development of developmental psychology, researchers tried to formulate a universal definition of age to offer some developmental patterns for individuals regardless of their environment. However, nowadays, a variety of age conceptions exist, which are differentiated in terms of cultural and social background that might distort the...
The theory of James Marcia is an effective tool, which describes decision-making related to one’s career. It is based on the notions of commitment and a crisis (Kim E, 2016). A commitment is the course of actions one takes to reveal the preferences of specific activities. A crisis, in turn,...
Childhood is a wonderful period in human life, in which the personality of an individual is not yet spoilt by the diversity of the world around them, and therefore the thoughts and ideas that come into the mind of a child, most often pure and naive. A small child interacts...
Introduction As a sleep disorder that has been misinterpreted multiple times in media, insomnia has gained notoriety as a health issue that is quite difficult to address due to the rapid onset and the unwillingness of patients to address health services. Being often romanticized and having several myths intertwined with...
Adolescence has been associated with troublesome and uncontrollable behavior for a long time. Back in 350 B.C., Aristotle described young people as “hot-tempered, and quick-tempered, and apt to give way to their anger” (as cited in Steinberg, 2010, p. 222). Although many pieces of research have been conducted that showed...
The article “You can’t be a sweet cucumber in a vinegar barrel” published by Edge.org (2005), presents a talk with a well-known American psychologist Philip Zimbardo. The main social problem discussed in the article is dehumanization that propels normal, healthy people to commit horrendous acts against other people. This is...
The extent of human agency and the correlation between freedom and control has always been one of the most curious areas to explore in relation to psychology and the concept of self. When considering the theories of freedom and control, the views of B. F. Skinner and Carl Rogers are,...
The Student Jose Contreras is a third-grade student exhibiting traits of maladaptive behavior, thus disrupting the entire class. The main problem is a lack of respect for authority figures and constant attempts to attract attention. Hypothetically, if the specialist instills in the student respect for themself and the rest of...
Psychopathology is the study of mental illness and distress. There are various symptoms of mental illness and all of them include engaging in abnormal behavior. Psychopathology is related to psychiatry because of its involvement in the assessment of experiences and behavior manifestation of individuals suspected of suffering from mental illnesses....
Physical development During the preschool years, if provided with healthy living conditions and adequate support, children steadily increase in height, weight, and muscle tone. They continue developing physically as the related areas of their brains that control movement becomes more mature. The changes in their brains enable them to acquire...
Introduction Human development theories help social scientists, psychologists, and educators learn more about how people change throughout their lives. The importance of learning more about human development is significant as “Knowing about other people and their circumstances can help us live and work with them more effectively” (Lumen Learning, 2017,...
The readings and a video of this week discuss the problem of self and related issues, such as identity, individuality, and their relation to the modern world. Baumeister (1987) offers a historical perspective on examining the evolution of the concept of self. The author states that in the late medieval...
The brain is the control point of the nervous system in all vertebrates and most invertebrate animals (Bailey & Newlands, 2006). Vertebrates have complex brains as compared to invertebrates. As such, the brain is situated in the head adjacent to the primary sensory organs. These sensory organs are linked to...
Introduction American Psychological Association [APA] approximates that about 90% of all animal subjects used in psychological animal experiments use rodents or birds. Research Involving Human Subjects In this case, the IRB review the psychologist research proposals involving human participants to ascertain that they are within the stipulated guidelines. The IRB...
One of the major trends at present is an effort to relate and incorporate assessment information with clinical interventions (Mark & Daniel, 2003). Testing and clinical treatment have been separated for many years and assessments are now being used as part of the general clinical process itself. Paradoxically, many of...
Introduction Child development refers to the physical, psychological, social, behavioral, and emotional changes that occur in children from birth to adolescence. Developmental assessment is the process of examination and measuring of a child’s performance compared to other children of a similar age. Seven areas are usually included in the evaluation:...
Introduction The book that I selected as the basis for bibliotherapy is “Who Says Women Can’t Be Doctors?: The Story of Elizabeth Blackwell.” The main rationale for choosing this book was the fact that it represented a well-trodden and quite problematic theme in an engaging and easy to understand way....
Each living human being has a personal experience which, together with actions, beliefs, and desires, is passed on to the next generations. Many psychologists in different times tried to describe the formation and development of an individual personality in the most detailed way, but each of them looked at it...
Abstract The ability to locate the key points in one’s development and determine the transition moments that would define the further development is essential to the skill of self-reflection and the ability to define one’s life direction. Therefore, assessing the interview with Harshad “Harry” Kumar Dharamshi Hansraj Bhadeshia served as...
In the United Arab Emirates, the government pays much attention to road safety issues, including the usage of child safety seats. However, the survey by Gibbon (2019) shows that more than 50% of the population does not know about current laws and regulations. However, road injuries remain one of the...
The first impression we make of a person can be significant because it has a strong influence on behavior towards someone. Psychologist Solomon Asch “proposed two contrasting models of impression formation: the “elementaristic” model and a gestalt view” (Hampson, 2018, 120). In the last century, social psychology was heavily influenced...
The film “Tin Cup” is chosen as the film for analysis in this paper. The main character, Roy McAvoy, showed great promise in golf in his youth, but then he gave up his career as an athlete. He begins to earn money by giving individual golf lessons. At this moment,...
Zigmund Freud and Erik Erikson are widely known in the field of psychology, mainly for the creation of well-known developmental theories. Even though Freud’s psychosexual approach and the psychosocial methods of Erikson are severely distinctive from each other, the two models have much in common. The following paper is focused...
ADHD or attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder is defined as a psychiatric neurobehavioral disorder. It is characterized by the person’s inability to focus and pay attention. At the same time, there is hyperactivity and impulsiveness or sometimes both of these. A person who has ADHD has trouble keeping on with any task....
Addressing mental health issues in adolescents should be seen as one of the key priorities in public mental health since the specified group can be described as rather vulnerable and, therefore, highly prone to the development of comorbid issues. For instance, social anxiety is quite common in teenagers and, therefore,...
Introduction Shyness refers to feelings of awkwardness, discomfort, and apprehension, especially when a person meets new people or travels to unfamiliar places. It displays an individual’s low self-confidence characteristics with increased fear of what others think about them. Children can develop shyness from an early age based on various factors...
Nowadays, people still debate on crucial issues of moral philosophy, since people have different views on both ordinary things and fundamental matters. This branch of philosophy helps individuals to determine what is considered to be morally wrong or right. It plays an essential role in society and allows people to...
Various methods and techniques of promoting or preventing certain behaviors exist in modern psychology. Positive reinforcement is one of the methods that implies providing some kind of reward for the successful completion of a particular action. It helps to motivate specific patterns in behavior and instill good habits. However, the...
Introduction The process of learning and memory are two intertwined aspects of the human mindset that incorporate critical changes in one’s behavior arising from the experience of interacting with the surrounding world. As described by Gluck, Mercado & Myers (2016), memory serves as the record of past experiences acquired as...
It was interesting for me to watch this TED Talk since it gave a number of insights and provided information about a unique experiment that can change the way people see the world. Even though it was a little bit challenging to understand the ideas covered because of their complexity...
Among the many adulthood challenges, finding the right ways to treat adolescent children occupies a special place. As mentioned in the textbook, conflicts with them “have the most detrimental impact on marital satisfaction” (Kraynok et al., 2017, p. 550). Failing to be flexible and applying an authoritarian style, adults often...
Stating the Problem Self-isolation due to the spread of COVID-19 has seriously affected the usual routine and revealed psychological instability. Mental and physical health is severely affected by the feeling of loneliness characteristic of human beings in isolation. Lack of social ties and the limitation of habitual entertainment are considered...
During the first years of a child’s life, key aspects of the cognitive and physical structure develop. Physical development, including the growth of the brain and nervous system, is the basis for enhancing cognitive and motor skills. Rapid growth takes place up to 2-3 years; by the age of three...
Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a life-long developmental or intellectual disability associated with severe impairments in communication and social interrelations. Children suffering from autism experience difficulties in communication, whether verbal or non-verbal. Verbally, some children remain silent or have little communication while others may consistently repeat what is being...
According to the APA guidelines, psychology practice requires empirically sound and ascertainable principles of evidence for complete admissibility in court. Perhaps, the high quality of evidence expected within any legal court explains the reason for the existent of stringent frameworks to guard the practice. Informal examinations are not admissible within...
Introduction Experts in autism have often said that the mother of an autistic kid is the most dependable person to add value to an autistic kid’s life in the early stages. Unfortunately the higher level of care and attention extended to such kids ends up consuming the happiness of those...
Human behavior is based on many factors that affect people throughout life. Therefore, it can be argued that many patterns of behavior are learned, “planned,” and amenable to change. In some cases, planned behavior has a beneficial effect on people because it helps them cope with one or another standard...
Introduction Cognitive psychology plays a vital role in people’s everyday life. It is clear that people’s mental processes occur based on thorough thinking or decision-making, and cognitive functions are behind these processes. Nowadays, psychologists and researchers pay special attention to the language processing that conditions why people choose this or...
My Roles as a Research Participant The research involved the determination of personal identity and character through the observation of various pictures in the course of psycho-physiological activities. As a research participant, I undertook some activities during this study. These included listening to loud startle tones, listening to sweet soothing...
Introduction Theorists such as Freud, Erikson, Piaget, and Vigotsky developed different theories centered on human development. Some of these theories are centered on environmental influences, societies role on human development, stages that humans must go through in order to develop, and others speak on theories that say humans are active...
There are several hypotheses that try to explain human progression. Several concepts have explained different aspects of human nature, such as emotional, social, and cognitive growth. Jean Piaget was a psychologist from Switzerland who was known for having pioneered a cognitive growth theory for human advancement (Chung, 2018). In addition,...
Throughout the 20th century, psychoanalysis has been the main reference point in the field of psychotherapy. Since the 1950s, many other therapies have emerged: Roger counseling, transactional analysis, Gestalt therapy, Ericksonian hypnosis, etc. Today, one of the main currents is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) (Corey, 2016). These therapies are defined as...
The impact of violent games on young people is an issue of concern of many parents, psychiatrists, and governments since it may become the reason for the increase in the level of aggression among players. However, the literature on this topic contains significant differences due to the research methods and...
Introduction Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is largely believed to be a childhood behavioral disorder, it is now considered a lifespan disorder, and in 60%–70% of cases, it can persist into young adulthood. First, ADHD in children is considered, followed by adult ADHD. DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD Although...
This discussion is a reaction to Laura Turner’s article on accepting anxiety as normal pressure in modern life. The writer is a former publisher turned author working on different books on anxiety. She acknowledges that individuals are stressed by social, economic, and political pressure present in modern societies (Turner). Anxiety...
Criminal profiling is a critical tool in the practice of forensic psychology. The validity of criminal profiling remains significant in the tracing of expert criminals and their consequent prosecution. This is because it is apparent that there are expert criminals who develop the habit with time and camouflage through various...
Introduction The following paper presents a case study of A.J. – a 15-year-old girl put on probation due to numerous arrests for simple assault and underage drinking, caused by psychological trauma and addiction issues. The motivation behind highlighting the following case lies within today’s relevance of the issue of neglecting...
The 1900s marked an important period in human history. This period was characterized by social and cultural events that have remained integral in the process of civilization. Psychology, as an infant discipline, was one of the greatest benefactors of this knowledge revolution. During this period, the discipline witnessed great contributions...
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) consists of two behaviors that happen simultaneously, which are obsession and compulsion. One of the most vivid examples of OCD is David Sedaris’s case, who had felt the need to “press his nose to the hood of a particular car, lick a certain mailbox, or touch a...
Problem-solving strategies are an essential part of all the possible spheres of life: regular day-to-day life, business, and politics. That is why it is also vital to differentiate various techniques as their advantages can contribute more depending on the situation. Being aware of those differences guarantees an individual and a...
In the original article, the researchers developed a visual cliff apparatus and made a hypothesis that depth perception is inherited rather than learned. Gibson and Walk (1960) utilized an experimental method to assess the independent variable of calling the infant from a particular side of the apparatus and the dependent...
Today, sharing personal inclination in media sources is a trend that cannot be ignored. The theme of the coronavirus crisis has already touched millions of citizens on the planet and continues shaping the quality of life. In his article, Achenbach gives the numbers about the virus and underlines how the...
Introduction The biological functioning of the mind has attracted substantial research interest in psychology and physiology intended to understand mental processes among humans. The mind/body problem entails the brain’s nature and how it relates to the human body, including the nervous system. Prominent theorists have put forth many theories explaining...
Memory and learning are closely related concepts. While learning is a process of acquiring skills and specific sets of knowledge, memory is an essential part of learning as it lets individuals remember the comprehended material. Therefore, it is clear that learning depends on the ability to memorize particular things and...
Introduction A tier 3 intervention is a model where customized activities are developed to resolve students’ challenges in their social, academic, or behavioral lives. It is different from Tier 1 and Tier 2 interventions since it is intensive and more individualized. It is more explicit and developed to facilitate the...
Leadership is a critical practice which aids in developing a positive relationship in social contexts. The case study entails a psychologist seeking vital answers from a psychopath in prison. In essence, the incarcerated person is convicted for murdering two of his previous girlfriends (Solheim, 2020). Establishing a progressive conversation with...
One of the essential points in building a professional brand and professional presence is the first impression. Usually, being crucial, it is created in several minutes of an acquaintance. For instance, in the job interview, the first question might be “tell me about yourself,” which immediately forms the perception of...
For children in early childhood, play is seen as a symbolic activity that helps them to socialize and perceive the world around them. Symbolic activity is most evident in young children’s pretend play. Here we find children pretending that bananas are telephones, that chairs are cars, that shoeboxes are television...
The process of military personnel deployment is related to various challenges, beginning with the evaluation of a person and selection of proper programs and ending with reintegration difficulties. The stage of post-deployment seems to be the most challenging as it includes the attempts to adjust and reunite with the family...
Introduction Sleep quality and quantity are essential to every individual, especially university students trying to earn their degrees and professionally establish themselves. It is recommended that adults get 6 to 8 hours of sleep to promote their physical, mental, and psychological wellbeing. For the student-age population, the reality is that...
The theoretical basis is crucial for effective therapeutic interventions within the scope of mental health issues. Effective counseling practice requires thoughtful consideration of the clients’ needs and applying the most appropriate approaches to meet those needs and ensure successful healing. The abundance of theories within the counseling practice provides professionals...
Gestures are an essential component of typical communication. Conveying just as much information as speech, they often serve as complementary sources of crucial insights about people involved in a conversation. Therefore, it is crucial to perform a kinesics-based analysis of the communication style used by participants (Rowe & Levine, 2015)....
Introduction Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a therapy approach that was developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s. It is a therapy approach that involves the identification and replacement of negative behaviors with positive ones. It is founded on three core principles, namely activating agent, beliefs, and consequences. Individuals...
Introduction Childhood can be a stressful period in a person’s life. Although stress is a natural and necessary part of growth, it can have significant negative effects on the development of a child’s brain. When a person experiences stress, his or her body produces cortisol, a hormone that controls the...
The ethics of a larger system, such as the school, involving the Juvenile Office requires that the involvement should be based on the available evidence. Schools should determine whether involving outside systems is necessary or not based on the carefully gathered and evaluated data with the goal of improving the...
Leadership is an intrinsic capacity useful in influencing people to accomplish specific goals in life. Good leadership style is characterized by some values, and determining them is instrumental in ensuring the expected outputs are achieved. Moreover, leadership is strongly linked to the personality of an individual resulting in diverse types...
There are different options that analysts use to reduce inappropriate actions and behaviors of children and adults. One of such methods is an extinction procedure that withholds reinforcement rather than adding or removing a cause of the issue. This essay will discuss the concept of extinction and provide real-world examples...
Military psychologists end up in multiple roles in their daily activities, for instance, many a time many military psychologists end up in circumstantial dual chores, that is serving as therapists-clinicians and at the same time as military officers. Despite their similarity in roles with the civilian psychologists, military psychologists differ...
