Unlike Sigmund Freud, who singled out five stages of psychosocial development, Erik Erikson established the eight stages classification. They include infancy, under one year, toddlerhood, from one to three years, early childhood, from three to six years, middle childhood, from seven to ten years, and adolescence, from eleven to nineteen...
Today, modern life often presents many challenges to most people. Complex social conditions, changing social environments, and globalization encourage people to find their place in their lives. People need to adapt to different living conditions in different situations, and knowledge of human personality and how it works is becoming an...
Among the many disciplines in psychology, the study of human development is one of the complete sciences of human life span and its changes under the influence of psychological, social, and health-related factors. As stated by Kail and Cavanaugh (2019), lifespan development as an interdisciplinary study incorporates the psychological, sociological,...
During middle adulthood, people experience changes in many aspects of their life, including sexuality. Biological changes tend to decrease sexual activity, and an increase in societal obligations may impose even further limitations upon it. At the same time, healthy generativity is associated with lower chances of depression and, thus, may...
The first perspective is the cognitive one, which can impact personality. It claims that one’s cognitive process determines the development of key personality traits. This process can involve judging and thinking as core drivers of the changes. In other words, it is the cognition of a person, which directs the...
Overview Mercy is a 23-year-old female in her final year of college. She is the firstborn in a family of five comprised of three girls and two boys. Mercy lives in a blended family since her mother had two children when she married a man with three children. At the...
Child development is the individual progress from dependency to independence between birth and adolescence, which entails emotional and psychological changes. Development outlooks on person behavior and thinking patterns may have been influenced by how a child was raised. Filming Interaction to Nurture Develop (FIND) uses video to help coach parents...
When it comes to gender, the first influence the children experience is that of their parents. Looking at the roles of mother and father, a child learns to associate himself with the family member who is either male or female. In many cases, parents themselves foster the development of the...
This article focuses on Erikson’s view of character development from childhood to adulthood in eight phases. Character development depends on life skills that could have positive and negative outcomes. The first stage is trust and mistrust; in this phase, an infant relies entirely on those taking care of them for...
A person changes significantly physically and cognitively in middle adulthood. There is a critical transition from considering the time of birth to the remaining lifetime during this period (Berk, 2018). Tyler (2020) notes that changes can be divided into primary aging – those that depend on biological factors and secondary...
Generally, growing up and becoming an adult comes with unlimited responsibilities. As a person, you would be required to perform different roles, ranging from family duties to professional engagements. All these tasks need total attention and commitment to ensure they run smoothly (Nepali 225). I usually plan accordingly to ensure...
Psychologists often use different designs to study children’s developmental issues. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is an example of a childhood developmental challenge. Although the causes of the conditions are not known, medical professionals are constantly researching the predisposing factors together with new interventions. Correlational and experimental studies are mostly...
Initiative and guilt are the third stage of psychological development which happens between the ages of three to five in the child life. Ideally, the child starts developing a sense of autonomy and the ability to make their own decisions. It is at this stage a kid takes decision-making to...
Introduction People assume that childhood and teenage stages are the most blissful period in life. However, psychological research indicates that these stages are more critical than fun because they determine the future of an individual’s mental wellness. An average of 9 out of 10 adolescents with mental sicknesses develop the...
Children undergo a development process that involves a change in physical, emotional, and mental aspects. During early childhood, children depend on their parents and guardians to increase their independence. Genes inherited from parents and the activities involved during the prenatal period highly influence children’s development process. The environment around children...
As a young adult, I found the sixth chapter of Quarterlife Crisis to be especially interesting as I will soon face the struggles of future life after graduation. Undoubtedly, there are many difficult aspects of being mature and having more responsibilities during this coming period. However, it is still exciting...
Summary Metrics are the things to which participants react during a research project. Survey questions, interview questions, and hypothetical scenarios are all examples of research measurements. Question-wording is critical when conducting interviews and surveys because it ensures that respondents answer questions relevant to the study. Other than looking at how...
Research Topic The impact of middle childhood experiences on adulthood at work and within society. Hypothesis There is a relationship between the exposure to different environments in middle childhood and career choices and social interactions of adulthood. Research Questions What middle childhood experiences influence the choice of profession? What middle...
The link between brain activity and hormones, which was established by specialists, is one of the most interesting phenomena attributed to the human body. It allows a conclusion on the connection between one’s biological sex and the processes, which occur during the development of people from three weeks gestation (Cala,...
Introduction The chapter under review “Learning capacities” presents four learning capacities found in infants, namely classical and operant conditioning, habituation, and imitation. This paper aims to summarize the main ideas and findings of the chapter. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of learning that is possible due to the...
Introduction The chapter under review seeks to discuss the babies’ learning capacities. The latter is viewed as an ability to change one’s behavior as a result of new experiences. In this regard, the researchers distinguish four fundamental learning capacities that children possess. They include classical and operant conditioning, habituation, and...
The First Two Years: Physical Development Human development is a continuous process that runs throughout his life. From the moment of birth to death, a series of sequential regular morphological, biochemical, and physiological changes take place in the body, and therefore certain time periods or periods are distinguished. The boundaries...
In terms of growing up, change is inevitable; there is a change for the better, and there is a change for the worse, and I have encountered both. However, throughout these changes, I noticed something significant, and that is that one cannot change what happens around one. Life is simply...
Introduction The most significant period of prenatal development is the embryonic stage. The reason is that it plays a crucial function in the development of the brain. This stage occurs after the formation of the neural tube within the first four weeks of conception. It is important to note that...
Introduction Oprah Winfrey is truly an inspirational figure, who has greatly influenced the world and touched millions of people through her work. The story of Oprah’s early childhood and teenage years only emphasizes how much potential every individual has to rise above their surroundings and turn their life around. Oprah...
Article Summary The article “Increased Screen Time: Implications for Early Childhood Development and Behavior” discusses both positive and negative developmental and behavioral consequences of engagement with technology in early childhood. As for the advantages of digital engagement, the authors determined that infants can successfully imitate the actions or body language...
High school education is a critical aspect that significantly impacts the pursuit of a college degree and an individual’s social and personal development. Nevertheless, currently, many adolescents struggle in high school both academically and socially. Although I agree with Steinberg’s (2014) premise that American high school students lack challenge, I...
Many books, articles, films, and other forms of motivation have been designed to help people act effectively, whether it concerns their education, work, or other activities associated with achieving specific goals. One of the most famous works in this field is the book by Stephen Covey called The 7 habits...
To begin with, the tendency of technology usage has considerably soared over the last decade. As a result, children are now more exposed to the virtual world and tend to spend more time on their electronic devices rather than socializing with their peers in the real world. Overall, I agree...
The concepts of self-care and self-improvement can be interpreted differently. While some people believe that they imply mastering professional skills, others are confident that emotional well-being is more important. If a person makes no efforts to improve or worsens his or her current position, the cost of such behaviors can...
Human development is a complex and multicomponent process, which, at first glance, is challenging to evaluate. However, it can be characterized by assessing development within four domains: physical, cognitive, social, and emotional (Berk, 2018). Nevertheless, this task is complicated due to the interconnectedness of all aspects. Physical parameters can influence...
Introduction and Rationale Nursing practice includes working with various types of patients to whom an individual approach is most often needed. A crucial parameter is to understand and cure the cause of the infection to eradicate the disease. In this essay, I would like to discuss the patient admitted to...
Late adulthood, perhaps, can be called the most controversial stage in human life. People in this period of life are full of knowledge and experience but practically do not have the opportunity to realize them. In addition, there is a double attitude in society towards older people. Although they are...
It goes without saying that pretend play is immeasurably significant for a child’s development. Multiple studies address the positive impact of this activity on small learners’ literacy, mathematical thinking, and language and scientific skills (“Pretend Play-tulsaworld.com”). At the same time, pretend play contributes to children’s ability to express their ideas,...
Age psychology studies the process of development of mental functions and personality throughout a person’s life. The main difference between the direction of age psychology from another direction is that it focuses on the dynamics of age change. Each period of growing up is determined by the level of social...
The adolescent stage is critical and requires significant self-growth to stabilize the future. The stabilization of human beings appears in a different perspective of themselves is identity formation. Adolescents advance an active sense of self, individuality, personality, and connection with other people. It is influenced by several factors such as...
Understanding the stages of child development is vital for an adult to determine his needs. A grown-up must adequately respond to the behavior and perception of the baby since it is very different. The study of the factors influencing the behavior of children shows two main categories, nature and nurture....
The period of adolescence is one of the most fundamental stages of human mental and physical development. During this time, the socialization process slowly starts to have a lesser influence on the individual than in childhood. New perspectives and views could be formed while a person interacts with peers, social...
Identity is one of the essential components of the personality of any person. In the context of identity development, adolescence is the most critical moment in a person’s life (Berk, 2018). However, resolving identity conflicts is a challenging process; besides, identity can be viewed from different points of view. Teenagers...
The later years of a person’s life are associated with significant changes from an emotional and social point of view. The experience accumulated over a long life allows the elderly to perceive information more comprehensively, being the source of life wisdom (Berk, 2018). However, despite all the benefits of the...
Introduction Dr. Noble’s talk pertains to the relationship between income and the brain’s development in the early stages of childhood. She argues that children from poverty-stricken communities should be offered income supplements. Dr. Noble suggests that infants from affluent families who are aged three years and above are associated with...
The Relationship Between Design Packaging and Its Contents People live in a world of symbols created by themselves, and these symbols largely affected the way humans perceive this world. McLuhan and Fiore stress that children at a young age are exposed to words and other symbols that “predispose the child...
Introduction The growth and development of a child have a vital role in explaining their social, emotional, physical, and cognitive wellbeing. Various observable traits explain every stage from infancy to late childhood. These characteristics are helpful to parents, teachers, and caregivers in meeting children’s needs that facilitate healthy growth and...
Introduction Since the dawn of civilization and the genesis of the first social, interpersonal connections, the differentiation between the concepts of “good” and “bad” has been a matter of meticulous research and reflection. Eventually, the opposites of this dimension have evolved into the phenomenon of moral justification of actions, or...
The personal development of an individual occurs throughout life. Personality is one of those phenomena that is rarely interpreted in the same way by two different authors. In one way or another, all definitions of personality are conditioned by two opposite views on its development. Despite numerous conceptual and other...
Introduction Dear Families in the eighth year’s old classroom, this letter was created with a request for your support in the understanding and development of children. Families have a significant impact on the development process and perception of children. Each nationality and background have its own cultural characteristics, and because...
Masarik, A. S., & Conger, R. D. (2017). Stress and child development: A review of the Family Stress Model. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 85-90. Web. The first article under consideration is Stress and child development: a review of the family stress model written by authors April Masarik and Rand...
The transition from childhood to adolescence is accompanied by an intensification of several internal developmental processes such as physical, sexual, psychosexual, and psychosocial. The book “Exploring Lifespan Development” provides a detailed analysis of the psychological and physical conditions of adolescence. During puberty, there is the rapid growth of the body...
This reflection paper focuses on delineating the exciting topics and concepts I have learned in the course and outlines the areas that need more focus. While studying, I have learned that peer influence on adolescents and youths affects brain functioning during physical and mental activities and determines how well or...
Taste aversion describes negative associations and tendencies to avoid particular foods. It is often caused by negative experiences, such as illness, that occur shortly after eating the food in question. For instance, if one gets ill after eating a variety of different dishes at a party, he or she might...
Anakin Skywalker, also known as Darth Vader, is a character in George Lukas’s Star Wars space opera. His path from a benevolent Jedi to a Dark Side leader is a great example of the personality development. Anakin was born to Schmi Skywalker, a solo-living woman who claimed that she had...
Gee, D., Gabard-Durnam, L., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Humphreys, K., & Telzer, E. et al. (2013). Early developmental emergence of human amygdala-prefrontal connectivity after maternal deprivation. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 110(39), 15638-15643. Web. Gee et al. (2013) have addressed the effect of maternal deprivation on human brain...
Lifespan development refers to the complete process of human development, from birth to death. It implies a holistic and multi-dimensional approach to revealing and understanding the psychological, cognitive, emotional, as well as social changes that individuals undergo throughout their lifetime. The purpose of this paper is to conduct an in-depth...
Children with developmental delays require work on the formation of communication skills based on several principles developed in general, correctional pedagogy and particular psychology. Applied verbal behavior (ABA) is a behavior analysis process intended to teach a child with developmental delays to speak the language and communicate. The purpose of...
Introduction All people experience a considerable change in their cognitive and social behavior during adolescence which ultimately impacts their future life. As a result, every individual has a story about their transformation during that period. Personally, I would not like to disclose my private information, but my aunt Jane told...
One exciting idea from the reading is that it helps people become mentally sharp when faced with challenging situations. Challenging experiences help an individual’s brain focus on a specific problem or challenge and process the information quickly. Likewise, it recalls it when dealing with related issues, developing ways to solve...
As people become older, they have to make more efforts to preserve their cognitive skills and abilities. Men and women who are 65 and more years old use different methods to improve and constantly develop their mental health. Some of them train their brains with the help of games and...
During adolescence, several changes occur to the human brain. Firstly, the amount of gray matter in the brain’s prefrontal cortex reaches its maximum, after which it begins to decrease. Second, the sensitivity of areas in the limbic system becomes much higher than in adults. It is these two interactions that...
Introduction The concept of evolutionary psychology refers to the theoretical framework that seeks to explain meaningful mental and psychological behaviors. That may include memory, language, and perception as the determinants of the functional products of natural selection. Charles Darwin did the theory of natural selection in his book On the...
Middle adulthood is the period of lifespan between young adulthood and old, typically classified as ages 45 to 60. While most individuals maintain childhood traits, middle adulthood is a period of significant psychological growth as personality develops with overcoming life challenges. Unlike previous ages, middle adulthood is not confined by...
Over the last three decades, there has been laxity among women and men to assume the roles of adulthood. During the postwar era through to the mid-1980s, at age twenty-five, one had already transitioned to adulthood by marrying and finding a purpose in life (Berlin et al., 2010). The trend...
The children in the group surveyed had quite common views on adulthood and career aspirations. It is noteworthy that their dreams have changed throughout the past months, which is typical of children who develop and learn more about the world around them and themselves (Click & Parker, 2011). At the...
Intimate Partner Violence Among Women Intimate partner violence is a common issue occurring to many women worldwide. Women are susceptible to abuse either by their husbands, their partners, or their ex-husbands throughout the world. Apart from the immediate physical harm, this violence can affect women’s mental and psychological health in...
The psychological development of a person is a process of development of behavior, consciousness, and character. It occurs in the process of a human being’s inclusion in various types of activity. This topic is discussed in terms of developmental psychology, an area of psychology that studies the psychological changes in...
Nature vs. Nurture The development of intelligence is determined by human abilities to learn from different experiences and use resources and knowledge in problem-solving and decision-making. There is nature (inherited qualities) that affects human characteristics like physical growth, social relationships, and intellectual development in 55% of cases. There is nurture...
When assessing younger individuals, it is vital to consider how they differ from adults. Such areas as the young person’s family structure and relationships, potential family dysfunction, school performance, and peer friendships and pressure are vital. Children and adolescents do not have as much autonomy and responsibilities as adults, which...
Introduction Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder affects the intellect of an individual. One with this disorder is very hyper and cannot focus on a specific activity. The disorder is common and occurs through inheriting neurobehavioral disorder and goes beyond childhood. The disorder’s treatment is effective in lessening symptoms and also causing an...
Emerging adulthood is the most transformative period in one’s life as it focuses on discovery and relationship building. This period begins when a person reaches his or her 20s and lasts to the ages 25-28. According to Jay (2013), 80 percent of the most defining decisions take place before 35....
There are several memory improvement techniques that can be helpful in everyday activities. For instance, focusing attention is a strategic approach that allows one to consistently acquire relevant information (Harrington et al., 2020). Concentration is a difficult challenge that requires one to evade a noisy environment of an accurate reading...
Middle-aged adults fall in the thresholds of 40 years up to 50 years. Men and women in these years are at the highest point of their productivity. It is also during this time that these people mature and find their emotional stability. In effect, they can manage tasks like child...
Introduction The counseling profession has been operating without a universal definition of what it means to engage in counseling. Therefore, professionals in this field felt the need to launch initiative 20/20: A Vision for the Future of Counseling involving different organizations to come up with principles for unifying and strengthening...
Parenting is one of the major challenges that adults face. Although parents easily guide their children during the initial stages of development, they encounter significant hurdles when handling adolescents. Teenagers are more likely to engage in risky behaviors compared to people in other levels of development (Airenti, 2019). Against this...
Communication and Emotions In the middle adulthood people have some difficulties with social and emotional development. Consequently, they are not always ready for something new, as they can experience significant stress from this (Walker, 2017). Thus, their social and emotional development gradually slows down. Body and Brain Physical and cognitive...
Introduction This essay involves an interview with a 50-year-old male to be referred to as Mr. P onwards. This paper explores his developmental trajectory in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional aspects, which are then theoretically explained and compared with Santrock’s research. In his 50s, Mr. P is worried about the devastating...
Any human being is a composition of experiences, teachings, learned truths, and ideas, which have been accumulated throughout aging. Although each stage of life is unique for every person, beyond the age of twenty, people are universally considered adults. The theory of developmental psychology delves into the main factors distinguishing...
The psychological formation of infants is based on interaction with others, relationships, and awareness of their feelings. Emotional regulation and self-awareness develop in the first months of life and help build more complex social relationships. Attachment is a key aspect of socioemotional development at an early age. It develops as...
Introduction The progress of the present-day researchers of human cognition is conditional upon their adoption of models developed by outstanding figures in the field. One of them is the Soviet specialist Lev Vygotsky, and his influence on the examination of learning is impossible to underestimate (MacBlain, 2018). Therefore, this paper...
Introduction The foundation of effective teamwork is the knowledge and skill of successful interpersonal communication, group dynamics, and conflict management. When people collaborate in teams, it is pivotal to maintain functional relationships that allow for multiplying the potential of individual members of the group in collaborative efforts for more significant...
Erikson’s eight stages of development model imply that a person should normally pass the stages of psychosocial development. In infancy, a baby’s challenge is developing trust in the mother. This period is characterized by uncertainty about the world and hope that someone will come to help (Hutchison, 2018). I did...
Development is a step by step process and is attained through a series of stages. For it to be effectively achieved, every stage is considered important. One cannot bypass any level and be effectively developed. Mead’s theory points out that social behavior is advancing after birth and is not inborn....
One may think that the themes on works of Nobel laureate Toni Morrison in her book by name bluest eyes was only relevant in the past decades. This is not the case because the book is as relevant today as it was relevant during the time it was being lounged...
The relationship between children and parents has always been one of the major concerns of developmental psychology. This aspect of interaction is considered to be the most crucial in terms of the child’s future and general psychological state. Hence, when speaking of the “parent-child” paradigm, the notion of attachment should...
Genie was a federal child who, for thirteen years since her birth, had been extremely deprived of any form of emotional, moral, and social attachments. Neglected for thirteen years, Genie had no human contact, social behavior, or exposure to any human language. The girl was found in a small room,...
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett defines emerging adulthood as a developmental stage between adolescence and adulthood. The given group is comprised of individuals who are no longer teenagers but did not commit themselves to conventionally adult responsibilities. In other words, it is a person who is approximately older than eighteen years old,...
School-Age Child Development: Case Studies Kris must find out more about the prepubescent changes her school-age daughter is going through, and the nurse can include physical and behavioral factors. For example, girls of that age start their secondary sexual characteristics development which can be identified through breast budding, tenderness, or...
Life span inevitably includes issues of death, dying, and grieving. The way people perceive them depends on their psychological development during the whole existence. The principal attitudes to the matter include positive acceptation and negative denial of mortality. The understanding of the two polar points and their significant causes finds...
Introduction SN is an 11-year-old male recently diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). He has a twin sister who was diagnosed with childhood-onset schizophrenia, and his mother suffered a bout of postpartum depression which later developed into chronic depression. He is a final year primary school student, and they live...
Introduction Many of life’s experiences and challenges are unexpected and can affect a person at any stage of their development. Although many people have a carefully constructed blueprint of what course they want their life to take, various incidents and accidents can significantly impact their plans, life, and the lives...
This paper explains the five stages of cognitive development which begin from infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, early adolescence, and ends with late adolescence. The ability to initiate thought, remember, solve a problem, and make decisions is cognitive development. It is considered normal when a child’s physical growth is directly...
Introduction Early childhood is important and challenging since the first years of a child’s life set the stage for all future growth. In the earliest years of life, especially from pregnancy to age three, babies need nutrition, protection, and stimulation for healthy brain development. In the brain-building process, neural connections...
Introduction Understanding the key stages of an individual’s psychosocial development is vital for providing appropriate support in situations that involve dealing with psychological issues. Although locating specific characteristics of the said stages, especially in younger children, is a rather challenging task due to the presence of individual qualities that may...
Introduction In adolescence, brain changes interact with knowledge, social demands, and experience to affect cognitive development. Generally, to explain cognitive development in humans’ developmental stages, scholars have proposed various learning theories. Jean Piaget put forward the structural cognitive-developmental theory explaining how children acquire the ability to think and reason. Similarly,...
Holinger wrote a letter to the New York Times editor to air his views on the impact of corporal punishment in children’s development. He asserted that physical punishment among children should be viewed as a potential national health problem and should be outlawed both in homes and schools (Holinger par....
Early Adulthood During the early adulthood development, physical changes that occur prepare one to undergo transition between childhood and adulthood. According to Berger (2007), “during emerging adulthood, muscles grow and shape changes in ways that differ by sex, with males gaining more arm muscle and females more hip fat. By...
Social media has become an integral aspect of modern lifestyle, which is why its impact on people and their health serves as an area of intense interest. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (2019) conducted a study examining the effect screen-based media has on pre-school children. According to the report, increased...
Birth to 12 Months The period of the child’s development from his birth until the age of one year is one of the most crucial stages. Some of the researchers claim that the specialists can predict the IQ level of a personality by investigating the attitudes and the methods of...
Introduction Child development is complex and multifaceted, with many factors apart from parenting style affecting the cognitive, social, and physical wellbeing of a child. The environment a child grows up in, including the environmental stressors, has a serious effect on how one develops. Moreover, these stressors can affect the physical...
Life-changing events appear unexpectedly or intentionally, but their impact on a person’s life is significant. In school settings, students can be assisted to cope with challenging events that happen in their families. One of the most vivid examples refers to the loss of a closed one due to his or...
Social and emotional development cannot exist within the framework of the healthy functioning of an individual from a young age. In order to define the factors of the child’s healthy development and social interaction in the future, various sociologists and psychologists have offered theories that describe such interactions since a...
The paper is focused on finding an answer to the philosophical question concerning whether science can tell us what it means to be human. The paper provides a philosophical analysis of the article written by Stephen J. Gould and Richard C. Lewontin The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian...
Introduction Over the years, social scientists, psychologists, and education researchers have developed several theories to enhance the understanding of how people develop their skills and capabilities, interact with others, and behave within society. Understanding these theories is especially important when working with children because their development happens in stages, and...
Introduction Self-analysis necessitates the capability to assess oneself and determine the degree of development that one has achieved. It is a practice that enables a person to evaluate their abilities, strengths, and weaknesses while self-diagnosing pertinent solutions. Self-assessment allows a person to make improvements devoid of the necessity for performance...
