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Introduction Each stage of a child’s development has its characteristics, especially when it comes to learning processes. Piaget’s conservation theory is one approach that suggests four stages of a child’s mental development, aiming to outline the peculiarities of acquiring knowledge at each phase (Cherry, 2020). The settings that the framework...
Joey’s Scenario In this scenario, I observed a four-year-old child, Joey, painting on another child’s work in the art center. After his peers became upset with his action and were rude to him, he started crying and isolated himself in a corner, refusing to speak to anyone. He claimed there...
Introduction Many of life’s experiences and challenges are unexpected and can affect a person at any stage of their development. Although many people have a carefully constructed blueprint of what course they want their life to take, various incidents and accidents can significantly impact their plans, life, and the lives...
Introduction The situation of the patient, Sophie, is a complicated case implying the presence of significant barriers to successful communication with peers and teachers. The factors resulting in the worsening of the client’s conduct were related to her inability to manage aggression and the consequent harm caused to other people...
Secondary Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Secondary post-traumatic stress disorder (SPTSD) is a psychological disorder experienced by individuals who interact with or are close to victims of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The main difference between SPTSD and PTSD is that PTSD affects persons who directly experience traumatic events such as abuse, violence,...
Introduction Anxiety disorders are often developed in adolescents, influencing their social functioning and academic progress. However, the application of certain therapeutic interventions and counseling techniques in order to treat anxiety disorders in teenagers should depend on the cultural context. The cultural group that will be discussed in this paper is...
Effective leaders have one characteristic in common: strong emotional intelligence (EQ). Intelligence quotient (IQ) and hard skills, such as technical expertise and analytical knowledge, also matter in leadership. However, when considered alone, they are insufficient; high levels of EQ are a distinctive characteristic of top performers. Such leaders are emotionally...
Gary’s unresponsiveness towards counseling most probably stems from a cultural perspective. He is an African-American, and according to Ingersol and Rak (2016), it is stated that individuals from this racial background mistrust the mental health treatment systems, which encompass counseling and pharmacotherapy. As a consequence of a history of discrimination...
Multitasking In multitasking, an individual gives his/her mental attention to multiple tasks. The brain then tries to readjust itself to process all the tasks at the same time. As a result, straining sets in causing a stressed condition. In that way, multitasking is like a “stressed condition”. In meditation and...
In the context of present-day developments, all the childcare schedules tend to include some activities, which are intended to reveal and emerge the interests of children. There are special events and particular pastimes, which allow them to express creative bonds and unique talents. Today, it has become an integral part...
The topic of this article entitled Personality Characteristics as a function of frequency and type of substance abuse, written by Michael Wolff, and Kathleen Wolff discusses the problem of substance use and abuse and how this tendency could be associated or correlated with types of personalities or possible personality flaws....
It seems reasonable to state that according to a Psychoanalytic frame of reference, all the unconscious aspects that arise from the past have a significant impact on a current state of mind (Counseling Directory, n.d.). Jack considered his mother’s love as the only positive thing within the scope of his...
In the modern world, people pay great attention to issues of psychology. On the one hand, changes in the social order cause numerous psychological problems. On the other hand, people have a vast knowledge of the field of psychology, which allows them to save mental health. One of the significant...
There should be different criteria for mental health based on the age of the person. People of different ages have different symptoms that always translate to different mental conditions. Unfortunately, the psychopathology approach makes assumptions that similar maladaptive or abnormal behaviors are attributable to the same symptoms irrespective of age....
Introduction Psychological theories are useful for understanding individuals at personal and professional levels. These models are critical in facilitating positive progress among individuals facing social difficulties (Saundra et al., 2015). Most importantly, the theories are useful for accurate and relevant decision-making that consistency determines success at distinct levels (Saundra et...
Power is usually discussed in the context of a person’s capacity and desire to influence other people while taking the role of a leader. In his book The 48 Laws of Power, Robert Greene provides a list of laws or principles which can be followed by leaders and persons who...
This paper explains the five stages of cognitive development which begin from infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, early adolescence, and ends with late adolescence. The ability to initiate thought, remember, solve a problem, and make decisions is cognitive development. It is considered normal when a child’s physical growth is directly...
Introduction Early childhood is important and challenging since the first years of a child’s life set the stage for all future growth. In the earliest years of life, especially from pregnancy to age three, babies need nutrition, protection, and stimulation for healthy brain development. In the brain-building process, neural connections...
The term “business psychology” is sometimes used as a shorter and clearer synonym of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology. In one concern, the two disciplines have much in common, namely, the focus on workplace-related issues and the goal to improve the efficiency of a business. In contrast, while I/O psychology...
I have always been fascinated by the functioning of the human mind, especially that of a child, since I was young. My interest has not only been enhanced through studying a certain amount of basic psychology at high school but also buoyed by the curiosity to understand how a teenage...
Beck Depression Inventory was devised by Aaron T. Beck, a leader in cognitive therapy. With regards to the overall measurement of the intensity as well as the severity of restlessness, including the unfathomed depth of the depression, there is no better technique for measuring depression than the Beck Depression Inventory....
The client’s code name is Sarah; she is a 29-year-old white woman. Sarah is a lesbian, and she does not have any particular religious affiliation, although she was raised in a Catholic family. Sarah is not married, but she is in a long-term relationship with her girlfriend. She works as...
In therapy, there is a wide range of populations that require special treatment and knowledgeable approaches. These populations’ problems are equally valid and relevant and need to be taken care of persistently. I am looking forward to working with individuals who are prone to depression and have suicidal tendencies. I...
While theoretical elements are important to a counselor’s work, each professional must formulate a personal philosophy of counseling. As early as the mid-20th century, John Hipple (1968) wrote, the “philosophy is the rock upon which the counselor’s effectiveness rests” (p. 86). A personal philosophy helps a counselor to be aware...
Introduction Suicide is a major public health issue in the United States and worldwide that accounts for most violent deaths and causes a significant economic burden. Globally, suicide-related fatalities exceed all homicides and battle-related casualties combined. Recent suicide rates have shown an upward trend, with adolescents being disproportionately affected. Indicated...
Abstract Clinical psychology is a complex but essential field for human well being and growth and there are various types of psychology professional like School psychologist, Registered Nurse etc. and the domain in which they works needs specialization as basically humans are also complex and psychology as a field is...
Introduction Understanding the key stages of an individual’s psychosocial development is vital for providing appropriate support in situations that involve dealing with psychological issues. Although locating specific characteristics of the said stages, especially in younger children, is a rather challenging task due to the presence of individual qualities that may...
Introduction In adolescence, brain changes interact with knowledge, social demands, and experience to affect cognitive development. Generally, to explain cognitive development in humans’ developmental stages, scholars have proposed various learning theories. Jean Piaget put forward the structural cognitive-developmental theory explaining how children acquire the ability to think and reason. Similarly,...
Introduction Hypnosis is a psychological state or a set of beliefs and attitudes which are usually induced through a process recognized as hypnotic induction. This process is commonly composed of a series of preliminary instructions and suggestions. These instructions or procedures can either be self administered or can be delivered...
Industrial-organizational psychology is concerned with studying the way employees behave themselves at work. The aims of this study are to improve the employees well being as well as increase their effectiveness in the organization system. The method is mostly practiced in the organization by the management or owners of an...
Introduction Mental health websites began in the mid-1990s and presently the internet is providing invaluable health information to millions of patients and professional physicians. Telepsychiatry or remote medical assistance can today be utilized through internet chats, e-mail, video conferencing, or internet phone (Mechanic 36). Codes of ethics on use of...
Introduction The present report presents a description of three individual counseling sessions. The client is Sam, who is 37 years old, single, with no children, unemployed, and homeless. Sam has been homeless for several months due to his loss of employment last year. Sam’s major health problem (and the reason...
Holinger wrote a letter to the New York Times editor to air his views on the impact of corporal punishment in children’s development. He asserted that physical punishment among children should be viewed as a potential national health problem and should be outlawed both in homes and schools (Holinger par....
Early Adulthood During the early adulthood development, physical changes that occur prepare one to undergo transition between childhood and adulthood. According to Berger (2007), “during emerging adulthood, muscles grow and shape changes in ways that differ by sex, with males gaining more arm muscle and females more hip fat. By...
The Stanford Experiment is a world-famous experiment conducted by Stanford students and researchers. This team was led by psychology professor Philip Zimbardo, Ph.D. They embarked on a journey to determine the psychological effects of being a prisoner as well as a prison guard. The study was supposed to run for...
Introduction Group psychotherapy is a modern way of treating psychological problems. It is a form of psychotherapy that implies creating a special group of people determined to meet regularly under the control of a psychologist (Courtois & Ford, 2009). The aims of such meetings are finding an appropriate solution to...
Introduction The article called “Assessing the Big Five Personality Traits with Latent Semantic Analysis” by Kwantes, Derbentseva, Lam, Vartanian, and Marmurek (2016) explores whether or not the individuals’ personality features can be evaluated based on the analysis of content and semantics of their written text. The study targets the possibility...
This essay aims to study the personality of George W. Bush, the US president. The study will be conducted on two personality theories namely Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Type Theory) and the Big Five Theory of personality (Trait Theory). The study will first attempt to understand the personality and his background,...
Social media has become an integral aspect of modern lifestyle, which is why its impact on people and their health serves as an area of intense interest. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (2019) conducted a study examining the effect screen-based media has on pre-school children. According to the report, increased...
Birth to 12 Months The period of the child’s development from his birth until the age of one year is one of the most crucial stages. Some of the researchers claim that the specialists can predict the IQ level of a personality by investigating the attitudes and the methods of...
Introduction Child development is complex and multifaceted, with many factors apart from parenting style affecting the cognitive, social, and physical wellbeing of a child. The environment a child grows up in, including the environmental stressors, has a serious effect on how one develops. Moreover, these stressors can affect the physical...
Life-changing events appear unexpectedly or intentionally, but their impact on a person’s life is significant. In school settings, students can be assisted to cope with challenging events that happen in their families. One of the most vivid examples refers to the loss of a closed one due to his or...
According to Prochaska and Norcross, (1999) psychodynamic psychotherapy is a form of treatment that provides relief to persons experiencing emotional pain. This type of treatment is conducted through verbal communication between the therapist and the patient. This treatment analyses the patient’s emotional problems by addressing the patient’s unconscious motives as...
Adolescent age is the period of a tempestuous development of the personality. A person gradually gains valuable life experience which has a formative influence on his/her behavioral patterns and moral judgments. To investigate teenagers’ moral development, I studied hypothetic actions that a young man would take in case he faces...
The concept of automaticity implies thoughts followed by actions that do not require monitoring or conscious guidance. Automaticity allows us to perform such tasks, as walking, taking a shower, driving to work without having to think about these things. Components of automaticity are to some extent integrated into the majority...
Introduction Perception is a complex process of analyzing the information received from senses, and its accurateness influences the person’s thinking abilities. Thus, critical thinking is a specific type of thinking when an individual uses logics and reasoning in order to make certain conclusions related to the world objects or situations....
Pregnancy is considered by many as not less than a miracle. It is divided into three parts or trimesters. The first three months consist of the first trimester, the fourth month through the sixth month is the second trimester and from the seventh month till the delivery or the ninth...
Many children below the age of six experience serious traumas in their life that can cause serious mental health problems in their future life. Many of them can be in the form of major accidents from cars or fire or it can be involving broken bones or concussions. There are...
The Case Formulation Approach This reading presents the concept of case formulation in cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) and explains its importance as well as its main elements. In the beginning, Persons (2008) describes the scheme on which every case formulation is built. Such elements as assessment, case formulation and diagnosis, treatment...
Cognitive therapy is a specified form of psychotherapy that is based on the notion of the interdependence of human thoughts, feelings, and behavior. It also means that some mental illnesses and psychological problems derive from wrong thinking and reasoning as well as stereotypes that can change people’s perception of the...
Among the many concepts in psychology, few are applied in my everyday life. They are based on Freud’s psychoanalysis theory of how the mind works, including how they influence experiences (Moccia et al. 1). The events in my life shape how I behave and feel; hence, it is essential to...
During this week, special attention should be paid to work with automatic thoughts as a part of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). The task of a therapist is not only to identify cognitions that determine human behaviors but also to modify them, following specific rules and schemas. Wright, Basco, and Thase (2017)...
There are situations when several psychological tests, which are relatively similar to one another, can yield very different results. For example, one can speak about Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory, perceived stress scale, and wellness worksheet. It is often assumed that they can throw light on the emotional wellbeing of a...
Purpose of the Project Similar to physical pain, psychological distress has a significant effect on people’s everyday lives. People who go through the psychological pain cycle experience a consistent worsening of their mental health. Nonetheless, it is possible that some factors improve or worsen people’s threshold for being susceptible to...
Introduction Cognitive psychology refers to the process of investigating one’s ability to perceive, learn, remember, think, reason, and understand. Essentially, cognition studies the process of acquiring and applying information or knowledge. Cameron seems distracted during discussions in group therapy despite having no history of attention disorder. Instead, he has oppositional...
In her news report for CNN Health, Jacqueline Howard (2019) addresses the significance of screen time’s limitation for toddlers as it substantially affects their general development in the future. In general, children’s development includes motor skills, growth in communication, personal-social skills, decision-making, and problem-solving (Howard, 2019). It may be measured...
I agree with opinions stated in a number of ways. For instance, I also believe that any generalised IQ test cannot reveal the future performance of an individual. Trull and Prinstein (2012) stress that these tests show present knowledge of a person. At the same time, it can be more...
Introduction Intelligence is an integral component with regard to human undertakings in social settings. It facilitates survival in various situations that characterize contemporary society. In light of these realities, experts have designed tests to determine an individual intelligence quotient. Such tests empower people towards realizing strengths and weaknesses in diverse...
Abstract Stress is a part of every life on earth and each one has its stress management strategies. Students especially teenagers are considered to experience stress and most of the time they take stress to be negative and are unable to tackle it. Some studies suggest stress is usual and...
Introduction In a technical sense, the term ‘stress’ is used in reference to the way human bodies respond to various external factors. Stress is perceived to occur when the apparent requirements of a circumstance are more than the individual’s available resources (Russell & Jarvis, 2003). The concerned person tends to...
Stress is defined as an individual’s reaction to a situation that destabilizes their mental, physical, psychological, or emotional state (Bickerstaff, 2007). Stressful situations usually trigger certain responses in the body causing the release of certain hormones that enable individuals overcome tough situations. However, several factors are responsible for the differences...
Available literature demonstrates that suicide in old age remains a neglected topic in spite of the fact that the highest suicide rates are found among the older people (Malfent, Wondrak, Kapusta, & Sonneck, 2010). Indeed, according to these authors, there is a clear lack of information on the factors that...
Introduction Childhood trauma is a type of psychological trauma that was caused during childhood. It is often caused by child abuse, traumatic events in the family, natural disasters, and other events that bring psychological damage to the mind of the child. This type of trauma can put a person at...
The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) was conducted in the 1950s on infants aged 2-3 months. This study followed these children at regular intervals from infancy to young adulthood (Lamb, Bornstein, Teti, 2002). Based on this study, Thomas, Chess, Birch, Hertzig, and Korn (1963) categorized infants into three groups: easy,...
Introduction This paper is devoted to the case of a woman I know personally. S. is a 31-year-old single mother with a family history of anxiety disorders that had her first pregnancy and gave birth to a healthy girl in January 2020. After being left by her partner while pregnant,...
The study takes an undoubtedly important place in several other works devoted to modern people’s prejudices. Scientists argue that at an early age, children tend to adopt adult behavior patterns and their biases. To study this phenomenon, they used the terms bias and prejudice. They showed preschool children videos of...
Abstract In this paper, I will describe a mother’s typical adjustment after giving birth and I will highlight the hormonal changes that affect both the first child mothers and experienced mothers. This paper aims to discuss how they feel and the complications that might occur to the new mothers especially...
The theory of structuration proposed by Anthony Giddens offers perspectives on the varied human behavior based on the synthesis of agency and structure effects. The structuration model asserts that human action’s capacity is influenced by different facets of the society, such as the robust, stable societal structures and an individual’s...
The cognitive behavior supervisory model allows working with patients on two distinct elements – their cognition and behavior. They learn how to identify a problem and develop a strategy for addressing it. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) became one of the most commonly used forms of supervision in psychotherapy. This approach allows...
Mental disorders among children are becoming more common and severe with every year. Such a negative tendency may be explained by multiple factors, including the influence of social media on the hypersensitivity of the current generation. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a pervasive disease among modern children characterized by...
Social and emotional development cannot exist within the framework of the healthy functioning of an individual from a young age. In order to define the factors of the child’s healthy development and social interaction in the future, various sociologists and psychologists have offered theories that describe such interactions since a...
The paper is focused on finding an answer to the philosophical question concerning whether science can tell us what it means to be human. The paper provides a philosophical analysis of the article written by Stephen J. Gould and Richard C. Lewontin The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian...
Peer support interventions play an essential role in children’s speech, such as those who have autism. They are significant to both the teaching process and the social-cognitive development of school children. However, the tendency of low interactions in the current world has raised a concern in the education curriculum. More...
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a significant health concern among veterans. It is a mental health condition caused by terrifying incidents experienced by individuals. Persons with PTSD portrays such signs as flashbacks or nightmares, depression, anxiety, hyperactivity, and avoidance of any situation likely to trigger shocking experience. Although PTSD can...
Introduction It is hard to disagree that there may be various challenges while parents raise their children, and they need to be fully aware of the ways to make this process more comfortable and correct. One such issue that can make parents confused and ask professionals for help is child...
Different sexual customs around the world have the potential to influence the incidence of sexual dysfunction. By definition, sexual dysfunction is the inability of an individual to fully participate in sexual intercourse due to disorders that interfere with the sexual reaction cycle (Herdt, 1997). Such disorders can either be physically...
Abraham Maslow contributed significantly to the development of modern approaches in psychology by proposing a completely different perspective of human nature and the tools needed to heal mental problems. In fact, the main difference in Maslow’s approach was the emphasis he put on people’s positive qualities. Thus, the urge to...
Introduction Adolescence occupies a distinctive niche in the human lifespan, which is primarily characterized by self-determination, social roles’ expansion, and the formation of outlook, interests, and principles. During this period, teenagers closely explore their personalities and their surrounding environment through intense interactions with their community. They begin to be involved...
Health Education Concerning Postpartum Depression on Maternal Health As a woman, it is essential to understand postpartum depression and the fact that it can happen to any woman during or after pregnancy. Post-delivery depression is a condition that many women often go through during pregnancy or after they have delivered....
The concept of identity has been extensively discussed in modern society. This issue is raised in numerous films, books, video games, and lectures. A self significance is unlikely to be underestimated because people’s distinctive features have influenced how they communicate and interact with each other and build their relationships with...
Abstract Child-rearing practices and expectations for boys and girls are very high in the sense that several differences exist in the upbringing of the two. A child’s background and environmental influences play a significant role in shaping the personality of the child. This report gives a clear depiction of how...
One of my favorite films is Fight Club, directed by David Fincher in 1999. This film tells about a young man, the narrator, who has insomnia, meets the seller of soap Tyler Durden and together they organize a secret club for men who want to fight (Fincher). The Fight Club...
Jung’s psychological types offer unique insights concerning personality psychology. The psychoanalyst was convinced that consciousness contains different attitudes and functions. First, there are two attitudes, such as extraversion and inversion. Jung believed that if a person is consciously extraverted, their unconscious tendencies are introverted. Extraverted individuals mostly concentrate their attention...
Introduction Compassion fatigue or burnout is a specific problem caregiver usually deal with. Such a problem cannot be called stress as it is not a simple depression. The caregivers that deal with seriously ill people usually face the problem of compassion fatigue when they become indifferent to human pain. This...
In fact, passing the Jung Typology personality test was a mandatory requirement for this assignment, and I should say that it was immeasurably informative and helpful as I have received an excellent opportunity to understand my personality. According to the test’s result, my personality type is Extravert (12%) Sensing (25%)...
It is hard to argue that how research is organized and carried out defines its results and credibility. In the context of research in behavioral science and psychology, or, to be more specific, in sociology and anthropology, the wrong choice of a research method can turn the entire project into...
In counseling practice, group-based interventions are commonly used to promote behavior change. Understanding how interventions in groups facilitate change is critical to guiding intervention design and process evaluations. Group-based interventions face various challenges such as design features, facilitation techniques, group dynamics, inter-personal change processes, selective intra-personal change processes operating in...
According to the Jung Typology personality test, my personality type is Introvert (28%) iNtuitive (19%) Thinking (3%) Judging (50%) (INTJ). These parameters demonstrate my slight preference for intuition and thinking over sensing and feeling and a moderate preference for introversion and judging over extraversion and perceiving, respectively. In general, the...
There might be a plethora of inconvenient situations in a setting that result from various personal ethical considerations. A patient may be involved in an issue that does not stay in line with the individual state of mind of a healthcare provider. The latter is to demonstrate a significant extent...
Introduction Multiple economic, cultural, and social factors determine the development, change, or maintenance of a person’s behavior (Schneiderman et al., 2001). A single determinant cannot account for an individual’s decision to smoke or not to, eat this or the other, among other health decisions. Individual health behavior is mainly determined...
Introduction If to discuss the fact that some kind of cognitive distortions can be dangerous in real life, then the “bystander effect” undoubtedly belongs to them. However, this effect carries a threat, not to those who are exposed to it but to completely random people. This cognitive bias is that...
Introduction Life is difficult for everyone, even if some have it easier and others have to struggle more than most. Some people have to deal with poverty, many have difficult family relationships, and others still struggle with pressure at work or when studying. It is easy to feel overwhelmed by...
Throughout their lifespan, humans are affected by different stressors. For instance, for teenagers, the main stress-inducing problems are related to education, relationship with parents and peers, and identity crisis, for people in middle adulthood, which are often connected to their occupations. However, the reaction and the severity of consequences depending...
Being an inefficient learner is one of the fears that most students have once they start their academic progress. However, for most students, this fear becomes comparatively manageable as they learn to build a skill set needed for adequate management of school tasks. Nonetheless, some students fail to gain relevant...
Sleeping pills are generally perceived as a necessary evil in society. While they do help suffering people to get restful sleep they are also sometimes abused by some people similar to the way alcohol and other drugs are abused. The New York Times is one among the most popular magazines...
There are two job related stresses that has been affecting me the most, and these are decreasing work efficiency, especially of the people under me, and continuously increasing direct medical and insurance costs. At this time of the year, people who are in the corporate world, tend to work really...
Many studies have recognized the commonness of depression in older person. The rising incidence of depression in older person has a correlation with age, gender, genetics, lifestyle, interpersonal relationship and the level of education. This means that depression in older person has multiple etiologies. Besides, it connotes that most old...
Introduction Scientists use different perspectives to understand and explain occurrences and events. These perspectives used in the interpretation of events are known as paradigms or models. Models have a fundamental influence on what investigators view and the questions they ask, information sort after, and how information obtained is perceived. Until...
Introduction Stress is an emotional, mental or physical response to experiences that lead to mental or bodily strain. Stress is helpful sometimes, however, when it is prolonged; it affects one well being; it might also lead to burnout. Burnout is the physical and emotional exhaustion related to excessive stress or...
Physical activity and cognitive health are two inseparable concepts. The interdependence is so great that any change in either one will result in an immediate effect on the other. Since ancient times it has been known that physical activity alleviates the symptoms of sadness, grief and more specifically depression. Depression...
Abnormal psychology is referred to as a division of psychology that deals with the remarkable pattern of thought, conduct, and sentiment (Barlow 2004). There are several causes for diverse conditions that have been recognized in the field of abnormal psychology. This field makes use of assorted theories from the field...
Introduction Adolescents are men and women in their transitional age from childhood to youth. Their age bracket is from ten to twenty-two, and it is at this time of their life that they get to realizes themselves. On the other hand, depression is defined as a mental disease or disorder...
