I asked my friends a question on the number of races they thought were existent, and the majority of them said there were four races: ‘White, Asian, Black, and Australoid races.’ A few contented for five races, namely Negroid, Australoid, Capoid, Mongoloid, and Caucasoid races. Most people consider race as...
The article of Lee et al. (2016) examines how spirituality and religiosity influence non-sustainable and sustainable consumer behavior. When reviewing this study, I was interested how consumer behavior can be influenced by culture. As such, I now have three variables that are subculture (Lin et al. 2017), social media marketing...
Zimbardo’s Experiment Zimbardo’s experiment focused on demonstrating obedience and the effects of social institutions’ power on individuals’ behavior and conformity. The experiment’s aim was to test the hypothesis; conditions within the US prison system and the inhumane activities of prisoners and the guards being led by the values and behavior...
Recent studies by scholars in the psychological sphere have shown rather ambivalent results considering the nature of altruism and empathy in people. Empathy is described as an ability to perceive people in need, understand the struggles of others, feel the emotional spectrum of another person, knowing others’ feelings; whereas altruism...
The drive model and Maslow’s pyramid are pretty close to each other because each affects a person’s basic needs. Maslow’s pyramid pays more attention to a person’s life in society, and his daily life, such as having friends and lovers. The drive model focuses more on an individual’s career development,...
Each person is sure that one knows oneself well and how to interact with the world. It seems to be wrong when one delves into the model of Charles Cooley’s Looking Glass Selfie. The basic principle of the model is that one can take a lot of information about himself...
The phenomenon of aggression as one of the natural responses to negative stimuli might seem quite basic and simple to understand. However, aggression often represents a complex conundrum of emotions and is defined by a variety of factors, with the intensity of a response not necessarily matching the scale of...
Introduction Human sexuality is how we as sexual beings experience and express ourselves. Numerous elements contribute to the development of our sexuality, but arguably the most significant the actual gender. Different types of gender have a significant impact on the development of distinctive sexuality. Additionally, sexuality is a fundamental component...
A zombie is usually characterized by very distinct symptoms and behaviors which include particular walking patterns, such as a stagger, skin discoloration, appetite for humans or possibly animals, inability to speak or perform basic functions, and mostly poor frontal lobe processing. Because zombies are essentially reanimated corpses, a significant portion...
Many people throughout their lives suffer from such phobias as fear of dogs, fear of insects, fear of heights, etc. My brother, as a child, was very much afraid of a Chihuahua dog, as she bit his leg. Now he is 25 and he is still afraid of dogs. Moreover,...
For a prolonged time, individuals who take roadways have experienced aggressive driving, raising a concern to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. As a result, a case scenario method is used to examine the role of self-validation in a driving situation. The hypothesis target population was drivers and the participants...
The four theories explain how people experience the world, think, and react to different situations. In the learning perspective theory, different conditions lead to different reactions and feelings. On the other hand, self-actualization helps a person to be self-sufficient and conditions someone to realize their worth. The cognitive perspective theory...
Introduction Sexual relationships are an integral part of our life, regardless of their presence at the moment and personal opinions about them. Sexual philosophy can reveal the possibility of internal conflict, denial of models of society, or adherence to personal ideology through the prism of attitudes towards the intimate aspect...
Introduction Martin is a 21-year-old student, and he suffers from bizarre behaviors. His parents noticed that he could talk to himself, Martin refused to use his cellphone to avoid activating a deadly chip in his brain, and the guy accused his parents of conspiring with the aliens. This information explicitly...
I have chosen “Overstimulation in the Modern World” as a topic because I believe that overstimulation causes more problems than most people realize, and to discuss it is now as important as ever. There are numerous industries that use overstimulation to attract consumers, and the principle of overstimulation can explain...
The Stanford Experiment is one of the most controversial and shocking experiments of the last century. The work focused on the study of human nature, the response to various stressors associated with the restriction of freedom, and the changes caused by the acquisition of power. The experiment showed that a...
Experience Title Understanding behavioral intervention planning within the framework of the Advanced Preparation Standard 3: Programs, Services, and Outcomes. Aligned CEC Standard Advanced Preparation Standard 3: Programs, Services, and Outcomes. The standard entails facilitating the ongoing improvement of programs, plans, and services at different levels to create the perfect system...
Behaviorism Learning Theory is based around the idea of conditioning certain behaviors, which occurs through communication and other synergies with the surroundings. Some behaviorists argue that only observable behavior should be included in the idea since unobservable emotions and moods are too subjective (Mukhalalati & Taylor, 2019). Any person, regardless...
Biological theories of human behavior and criminality can be controversial topics to discuss, for it has some unclear moments. Although the researches and pieces of evidence on the biological influence on the predisposition to crimes may sound convincing and weighty, it is not enough to fully explain the criminal behavior....
Introduction Psychological profiling can be perceived as an art rather than a science since it requires a deep understanding of human behavior. As a result, forensic mental health professionals are well equipped with knowledge that allows them to review the available evidence and offer profiles of individuals who may have...
In their study meant to evaluate biases between traditional and social media-administered surveys, Kalimeri et al. (2020) explore the unique observatory function of social media for human behaviors. The scholars note that social media offers an excellent opportunity to researchers by enabling them to conduct large-scale studies and research, particularly...
The debate related to the more influential factor on human behavior has been holding for a long time. The nature-nurture dichotomy is an oversimplified strategy that identifies the human origins of development and behavior by utilizing two main principles (Honeycutt, 2019). According to this dichotomy, ‘nature’ refers to hereditary factors...
Milestone One The wellness concept has been present in the public consciousness for over 50 years. With the evolution of society, the development of technology, social relations, and the increase in life expectancy, the idea that a person should cultivate their physical form seems logical. Wellness means not just taking...
The phenomenon of procrastination is understood as the tendency to put things off, leading to psychological problems. Comparing procrastination with laziness is incorrect since the procrastinator does not rest but wastes energy on unnecessary actions instead of investing resources in what needs to be done. On the one hand, it...
Introduction Multimodal experts and parents are needed to help children and people with developmental or intellectual disabilities in all aspects of adaptive development. Throughout an individual’s lifetime, there are frequently several areas of need that are recognized in a shifting context. Individuals with developmental impairments have cognitive deficits in at...
In the analyzed video case of teaching linear measurement, four teacher behaviors indicating her expertise in her student’s developmental stage have been observed. First, the teacher asked if the student knew about the instrument they were to work with during the lesson. Second, she made sure that the student understood...
Introduction The building blocks of self-determination theory include autonomy, competence, and relatedness. This theory postulates that people are inherently curious and look for choice in their pursuits. Of the three fundamental needs, relatedness has the most substantial contribution to the motivation of individuals compared to autonomy and competence. Autonomy The...
Game theory is a framework that helps to make decisions in situations where two or more players compete. Game theory is used in a wide variety of fields, including business, finance, economics, political science, and psychology (Harrington, 2015). The present paper provides five examples of how game theory explained my...
Fluctuations in socioeconomic status often play a critical role in child development and their overall wellness. Fundamentally, children born into families that are socioeconomically disadvantaged often suffer worse well-being and other lifelong implications in societies across the globe (Berger, 2019). From birth, children living under the circumstances that promote socioeconomic...
Introduction REBT is a type of CBT approach in psychotherapy that enables a client to learn challenging inappropriate and false thoughts that cause unwelcomed behavior and develop new appropriate patterns of running their lives. This therapy assumes that individuals contribute to their psychological problems and symptoms because of their unchanging...
The Psychosocial Theory invented and proposed by Erik Erikson is recognized as one of the most influential ones in psychosocial development research. It provides invaluable insight into how individuals adopt different attitudes during different periods of their life and depending on their personal experiences and interactions (Walker and Miller 57)....
In the modern world, mental problems are becoming more common, which affect not only adults, but also children. Adolescent Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is explained by disturbances in the psychological and emotional stability of a person. In adolescence and childhood, it can affect the constant demand for attention and the...
Bullying can be described as purposeful and intended aggressive actions that make victims uncomfortable or cause harm to the victims (Nurlia & Suardiman, 2020, p. 7). Causes of bullying can be grouped into three; individual, social, and family causes. Individual causes may be a result of feelings of weakness and...
Basic Emotions Emotions are resultant feelings from failure or success of the desired goals. There are six basic emotions: fear, surprise, anger, happiness, disgust, and sadness. Understanding how human behavior is connected to emotions is the best way of motivating human behavior. Many psychologists learn and understand such knowledge, which...
The article published in Behavioral Disorders discusses the possible ways to provide education for children with or at risk of emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) without detracting from the overall education quality. Zaheer et al. (2019) points out that the most obvious reaction to children with EBD is punitive measures,...
Introduction The behavior model has been pre-eminent in matters regarding social sciences. During the twentieth century, the model became well known by medical practitioners. The model was associated firmly with the advancement of empiricist ideology, first during dogma and eventually in the science field. The model developers include Descartes, a...
Introduction Behavioral issues in children and adolescents preventing them from successful socialization frequently derive from their inability to communicate their current needs. The cases of Michael and Cathy are no exception to the rule, and they can be viewed through the lens of their failure to interact with peers and...
Abstract Self-esteem is a critical subject in the context of social relationships. The health of a relationship may depend on the level of self-esteem where high self-esteem improves relationships while low self-esteem degrades them. This relationship has been expressed in many studies, as expressed in the literature review. The current...
For people with attitudinal conflict, direct persuasion may not necessarily be effective. As Maliszewski (2011) highlights, people respond to conflict between their internal and external attitudes by exaggerating the latter to overcompensate. As a result, despite agreeing with anti-smoking messaging internally, smokers would be driven to ignore it and light...
Introduction Many people have faced various social labels and stigmas at work, in school, and in daily life. These labels are often harmful as they entail a special attitude towards the person, although sometimes they are also harmless. However, while the social origins of labeling, the process of their formation...
In psychological science, constructs appear to be an effective method for comprehending and analyzing human behavior. This term is used for labeling a cluster of covarying behavioral patterns, and therefore, it presents a mental construction. It is useful for providing an in-depth insight into the cause of commonality of people’s...
Introduction Human behavior has always been one of the most mysterious and challenging concepts in terms of justification and reasonable explanation. As a result, there is little astonishment in the fact that many sociologists decided to define the fundamentals of such justification through cognitive science and psychological triggers like motivation....
The concept of need is fundamental to Murray’s explanation of human conduct. As an invisible link that connects what is directly observed and the resulting action, need may be imagined to possess the characteristics that a comprehension of the observed phenomena demands (Murray, 1938, as cited in, Champoux, 2017). Accordingly,...
Three articles on various aspects of human personality have been studied during the preparation for this research. These articles focus on the following subjects: cognitive dissonance and how it affects the decision-making process, the evaluation of antisocial tendencies, and the traits connected to criminal personality. They also have a common...
It is definitely not a secret that every individual is different. People have distinct opinions, perspectives, ways of communicating, principles of communicating, and behavioral patterns. However, there is still a question of why human beings behave the way they do which contributes to the emergence of various discussions between professionals...
In general, the stage of change or transtheoretical model was designed to understand human behavior through comprehensive steps toward change. The stages of the model include pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance (Raihan & Cogburn, 2021). In the present day, the transtheoretical model is regarded as effective across multiple problems,...
Organizational behavior is comprised of four main areas of study, which are psychology, social psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Although each of the studies people, the emphasis and focus are put on a different aspect of human dynamics. However, the primary accentuation should be given towards the field of psychology, which...
Adler believed that people have a moral way of covering their ungodly, awkward, and unwelcome self-centered character from public scrutiny. These methods, in the form of ‘cover-ups’, are what Adler referred to as safeguarding tendencies. They are self-protection measures instead of the construction of what Adler called neurotic symptoms. Most...
One of the essential points I learned about the psychology of emotions is the mechanism of the so-called fight or flight response. It is an automatic evolutionary reaction to a stressful or frightening situation that lies in an instant activation of the sympathetic nervous system (Psychology Tools, n.d.). It readies...
Introduction Suicide is a major public health concern and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. What aggravates the current situation is the COVID-19 pandemic that triggers vulnerable people’s mental conditions and is anxiety-inducing due to social isolation, health dangers, and uncertainty. It is now common knowledge that suicidal...
Illegal in quite a number of countries, pyramid schemes are a business model that relies primarily on the enrollment of new members with a promise of payment and other benefits and collecting bonuses and commissions for recruiting. Multi-level marketing is similar to pyramid schemes in many aspects; however, this model...
In 1913, John Watson announced the creation of a new area in psychology — behaviorism. He believed that psychology must be an accurate and reliable science, therefore, it is necessary to study human behavior. The main element that determines the direction of the child’s mental development is environmental influence. To...
Introduction The life of every human being, at some point, requires making choices in terms of the future. The following process of decision-making, along with the ability to think and perceive the environment critically, is generally known as the ability that separates homo sapiens from other species. However, when it...
Health Belief Model (HBM) Key constructs The core construct of HBM is an alleged risk of a particular disease state, which includes the outcome of a supposed susceptibility to the sickness and its perceived severity. Further, the model puts more emphasis on decisional balance – the virtual weight of the...
What is courage, anyway? While this is one of the most well-known positive qualities that are ideal for many roles, the exact wording is often quite vague. In a general sense, people often understand by courage the absence of fear. This formulation is not surprising because of the roles commonly...
The interview regarding the client’s sexual history is one of the simplest ways to examine his or her sexuality effectively. It allows gathering necessary information about the clients’ past and what impact it had on them. This questionnaire covers a number of different topics from parental relationship to the client’s...
Introduction Adolescence is a complex period during which a number of physical and psychological changes are observed in humans. Primary and secondary sex characteristics in females include the development of the uterus, vagina, and ovaries, menstruation, breast growth, and skin changes (Zastrow et al., 2019). However, the biological and psychological...
It is hard to argue that how research is organized and carried out defines its results and credibility. In the context of research in behavioral science and psychology, or, to be more specific, in sociology and anthropology, the wrong choice of a research method can turn the entire project into...
According to the Jung Typology personality test, my personality type is Introvert (28%) iNtuitive (19%) Thinking (3%) Judging (50%) (INTJ). These parameters demonstrate my slight preference for intuition and thinking over sensing and feeling and a moderate preference for introversion and judging over extraversion and perceiving, respectively. In general, the...
Introduction Multiple economic, cultural, and social factors determine the development, change, or maintenance of a person’s behavior (Schneiderman et al., 2001). A single determinant cannot account for an individual’s decision to smoke or not to, eat this or the other, among other health decisions. Individual health behavior is mainly determined...
Introduction If to discuss the fact that some kind of cognitive distortions can be dangerous in real life, then the “bystander effect” undoubtedly belongs to them. However, this effect carries a threat, not to those who are exposed to it but to completely random people. This cognitive bias is that...
It is imperative to say that psychology is an essential scientific study that is incredibly diverse and intriguing. It needs to be said that it had a long history and had to deal with several changes. It is especially interesting how psychology has evolved over the years, and the dramatic...
Abstract This paper explores a relationship that exists between behavioral, psychological, socio-cultural, and lifestyle factors to major causes of mortality. The paper supports the argument that social, cultural, behavioral, lifestyle and psychological determinants of health are important in predicting mortality and longevity. The paper concludes that since most of these...
Theories, concepts and ideas on grief The loss of a loved one often causes grief and depression to those who were close to the deceased. Even with the knowledge of knowing that death is a part of growth, the thought of death scare many people. This knowledge of knowing that...
Naturalistic observation provides a researcher with the possibility to observe people and the particular features of their appearance and behavior within the natural environment without controlling and regulating the situation. To receive more evidences related to the behavior of children, it is important to observe the definite age groups in...
Factors Causing the Development of PTSD The phenomenon of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is traditionally defined as a “clinical disorder that may result after a person experiences a traumatic event” (Tsao, 2010, p. 204) and typically occurs in people, who have suffered major trauma. Despite being fraught with numerous consequences...
Application of Tuckman Theory in a newly formed multidisciplinary child protection team According to Khatri, Tuckman Teambuilding Model tackles how a group works on a given project from its existence until it concludes the task (32). Initially, the theory comprised four stages. However, Tuckman incorporated the fifth phase to address...
Situational Events to Trigger PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder is a trauma-related disorder many people suffer regularly. The reason for this disorder affecting one in fourteen adults (Ford, 2009) is that PTSD can be caused by any terrifying event that a person experiences or witnesses. A person starts suffering from nightmares,...
The Situational Events that Trigger Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders Post-traumatic stress disorders serve as the direct consequences of individual fear-provoking events that take place in the life of a particular person. In other words, the effects of multiple tragic events or dramatic incidents account for the feelings of helplessness and horror....
Hypothesis This experiment seeks to prove the hypothesis that human beings are romantically attracted to people they perceive different from them. The experiment will also seek to prove the Bem’s Exotic Becomes Erotic Theory. According to Bem (2010), sexual orientation of a person is not defined directly by the chromosomal...
Introduction Leadership is the way of directing people’s activities to accomplish the particular goal (Sawai, 2013). Every leader has to identify the primary motives of the group of people (Oliver, 2006). The behavioral perspective from the chosen article exemplifies the challenges and objectives of public health leadership. The Article Depicting...
Mourning (Bereavement) and Loss Loss can be taken as a phenomenon that is common to the human race, but the reactions of different people to it varies in the extents of the mourning and grief. Individuals and groups grieve using diverse techniques, ranging from dissimilar periods and unlike levels of...
Introduction Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an interesting topic for discussion. It is a condition that develops after a traumatic experience and has various clinical manifestations. Such events could create certain psychological patterns that are not easily resolved. It happens because a person could have felt hopeless during an accident,...
Article Summary The article appeared in the New York Times newspaper and was written by Benedict Carey. It begins by pointing out to the acquittal of baseball star, Barry Bonds, of all charges except one: being an impediment towards the application of justice – he might also be cleared of...
Introduction SOLER is an acronym used to summarize a process of effective communication which impacts the way we deal and respond to clients. The way we respond to clients influence the way we create a helping relationship with them. In order to provide help to a client, one must listen...
Abstract Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate if a link among extraversion personality, mental health, and self-esteem exists. Method: To determine whether the link exists, the study utilized structured questionnaires to gather data from participants in aspects of extraversion personality, mental health, and self-esteem. The results: Analysis...
Introduction The journal article presents the authors’ views on juvenile delinquency. It also presents their views on the relationship between offences committed and remorsefulness. The study concentrates on young offenders in Canada. The author argues that chronic and non-chronic offenders do not show significant correlation with regard to the extent...
Introduction Situational awareness is an abstraction. It is present in people’s minds. It is the description of phenomena observed by humans, usually in a rich and dynamic work performance environment. For instance, a pilot can apply situational awareness by perceiving the self and the airplane continuously, even as other events...
Dykeman (2003) addresses the prevalence of verbal and physical aggression in the classroom among minors coping with parental separation or divorce. The author concedes that maladjustment following the destruction of the family unit varies by student age, gender, how harmonious the relationship between the parents was, the degree of parental...
Introduction There is evidence in both zoology and psychology that in many species of animals, (man among them) exhibit tendencies of imitating the actions of fellow animals (Gibson and Hoglund, 1992). It has been observed by psychologists that people show a predisposition to get influenced by others, in almost all...
Introduction The Fighter, directed by David O. Russell, is a movie that is based on the life of professional boxer “Irish” Micky Ward’s (Mark Wahlberg) improbable pursuit for the world welterweight title and it was initially released to the public on December 17, 2010. Micky’s rocky-life rise to prominence in...
Introduction Stress is a problem faced by everyone. But it is a critical problem when it comes to disaster management. First responders such as firemen, police officers, and rescue experts are forced to do so many things in just a short period. They encounter an enormous amount of stress and...
Change is hard to be estimated as something good or bad – of course, at times it is possible to identify the potential range of consequences the change will bring. However, in some situations, the change is still perceived as something negative and threatening even in case there are no...
Known as radical behaviorism, Skinner’s theory of human development concentrates on creating the cause-and-effect relationships between the environmental factors, individual behavior, and development. Initially, Skinner’s observations were focused on animal behaviors. According to the researcher’s findings, minor changes in environment or stimuli called antecedents can result in significant shifts in...
Introduction Over the years, different scholars have come up with different ways of dealing with psychological problems depending on the situations at hand. One of the ways adopted in treating psychological related problems is the use of behavioral techniques. These techniques seek to change or modify certain behaviors in people...
Individual resources are critical components that define the level of human success, depending on how they are managed. Notably, resources, as far as personal development is concerned, are materials people have discrete control over (Reuters, 2020). Unlike skills and qualities such as confidence or courage, resources are exhausted when used...
Introduction The relationship between delinquency and school is, seemingly, obvious. This is because the dispositions of delinquents are developed in school. These dispositions include anger, disruptive behavior, violence, etc. While schools remain the greatest sources of delinquent behavior, they can also be effective in combating delinquency (Balow 15). This is...
Introduction In the chapters, 1-3 summary of the book “Sources of Power: How people make decisions” by Gary Klein, several approaches as well as intrigues of the decision-making process are discussed. The ability to make relevant and yet reliable decisions within a limited time frame is important. Most decision-makers ranging...
Introduction The study of human behavior has been in existence for the past many centuries and different scholars have formulated an array of theories that try to explain why individuals behave in certain ways under given circumstances. Arguably, the theory of self-efficacy which lies in the Bandura’s social cognitive theory...
“On the knife’s edge” is a term used to describe how people make irreversible mistakes that are often regretted moments after they are made. Scholars suggest that the reason why people find themselves on the knife’s edge is that they do not stop to think for a moment and remember...
It is easy to understand that the driving force on the path to achieving success is precisely motivation. I personally have no stimulus for doing necessary readings, including course materials and articles about preparing for classes. The lack of pre-reading leads to low course comprehending, further procrastination, and what is...
The problem of stress and its impact on student performance at Khalifa University is relevant, and the results of the research confirm the value of addressing this issue. In addition to lowering performance outcomes, attendant challenges arise, particularly anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders. One of the key methods for overcoming...
Conformity is defined as “changing one’s behavior or belief as a result of group pressure” (Myers, 2009, p. 192). There are two forms of conformity: obedience and acceptance. When a person is showing obedience, he or she is complying or going along with the opinion of a group while internally...
The problem that the article is attempting to dissect is whether the seven-dimension framework serves as a bottleneck that may prevent many socially important issues from receiving adequate attention in applied behavior analysis research. Thus, there is an issue of viewing the framework as a conjoint set of rules in...
Self-motivation is an essential attribute for an individual to possess because it propels one to succeed. When a person is motivated, it becomes easier for him to work harder and exploit his full potential, which subsequently helps to achieve the set goals. Motivation can take two forms, being intrinsic or...
Behaviorism emerged as an attempt to make psychology more scientific by changing the object of its study. Instead of studying unobservable consciousness, behaviorists suggested that psychology should focus on investigating observable behavior, thus taking a natural science approach. However, behaviorism is not a monolithic entity since there are different schools...
Albert Bandura is one of the most cited psychologists in history, as he has contributed significantly to science by introducing social learning theory. Bandura has also distinguished himself as the originator of the theoretical construct of self-efficacy. Moreover, a series of highly illustrative experiments proved some of his ideas and...
Introduction Stress is the reaction of the human nervous system to disbalance with the environment caused by internal or external factors. It can take numerous forms, from slight changes in the mood to severe psychological disorders. People can either follow the natural desire to react in a stressful situation or...
Curiosity and the desire to help others have always been my chief motivators. Discovering something new, learning a new approach to solving a problem, understanding how something works, or developing a skill has always been the driving force behind most of my actions. This motivation was the primary reason for...
The cruel experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram is an explicit example of the initiatives, which are opposed to all possible ethical considerations. Nevertheless, it provided invaluable results allowing us to consider the nature of human obedience and the role of authority in the matter in detail (Markrho, 2010). According to...
Psychologists have always been interested in the effect of encouragement on the efforts made by professional athletes and enthusiasts during training sessions. “The effects of positive and negative verbal feedback on repeated force production” is a study on the efficacy of augmented feedback. The “augmented feedback (AF) refers to information...
Sanity and insanity are the reflections of words normal and abnormal (Rosenhan, 1973). However, as suggested by Rosenhan, the divergence in the definition of normality is directly related to one’s culture and upbringing. That is why those two concepts are not accurate and not universal. Some actions are perceived as...
