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The idiomatic concept of “rooting for the underdog” refers to a social psychological situation in which a person or group of people shows a preference for a hero who has little chance of winning the competition. Underdog can be understood in the broadest and most unwoven sense of the concept....
Body language is a language of body motion, behavior, and gestures studied in kinesics. Different gestures expressed by people can often tell much about their thoughts, feelings, and intentions. Therefore, observing body signs may help people understand each other better in a non-verbal way. Gestures are divided into several types...
Post-traumatic growth (PTG) is a comparatively young framework addressing the transformations a person experiences following trauma. This paradigm was introduced in the 1990s, and scholars are still working on its development and further refinement (Kirkner & Ullman, 2019). Several definitions and even terms related to PTG exist, such as “positive...
Terry Ahwal’s personal essay discusses the dangers of fear and the importance of controlling it to avoid the harm it can cause. The author supplements her call for overcoming fear with deeply moving personal examples from her life in the Middle East and the USA. Yet while the general point...
The question of the study The authors of the “Memory, Learning and Language in Autism Spectrum Disorder” study, Jill Boucher and Sophie Anns, addressed the issue of memory in the context of people with an autism spectrum disorder. More specifically, the central topic is discussed in its relation to the...
Summary Profile Tait is an intelligent young boy in elementary school. Multiple challenges are making it difficult for Tait to succeed in all aspects of development. The major problems facing Tait include autism spectrum disorder which he has battled since he was two years old. This makes it difficult for...
Introduction Human nature, namely the awareness of oneself, the essence and principles of “self,” has been of interest to humanity since ancient times. Over time, the fundamental concepts of self-awareness and its nature have changed in accordance with the development of the sciences. Namely, medicine, psychology, and philosophy, because this...
In recent years, success, leadership, and achieving outstanding results in a career have been associated with a developed emotional intelligence. It turns out that mental intelligence, deep knowledge, and effort are not enough to achieve significant results at work. Emotional intelligence is the reverse side of rational intelligence, the ability...
It is hard to disagree that nowadays, numerous factors affect people every day, not allowing men and women to live their lives as they truly want. From an early age, girls and boys are imposed on gender-specific behaviors and stereotyped prohibitions and limits. They are forced to evaluate themselves and...
Intellectual disability The introduction of the term ‘intellectual disability’ into medical circulation is caused to replace the previous title ‘mental retardation.’ After discussions between medical professionals and society, the proposed term was explained. Intellectual disability is a disorder of neural development that causes trouble in social, personal, educational or professional...
Mental disorders among children and adolescents Childhood is a crucial stage in human development that can influence the future course of one’s life, making a person vulnerable or resilient depending on the scope of risk and protective factors. The risk factor is a situation that will result in a negative...
Play is the main activity of preschool children: in the game, the child’s personality blossoms entirely. During the game process, a child’s will, emotions, cognitive processes, and interests interact and cooperate. As a result, positive changes in the personality of the child emerge. Children’s games can be viewed as the...
Introduction Problems of young adults are usually rooted in their childhood, and many psychologists and sociologists are interested in analyzing people’s past experiences and current achievements. Maltreatment in the childhood period occurs for different reasons, and not many adults or children are ready to report their problems. Although some abuse...
When placing children in foster families, it is necessary to remember that the child must formulate organized attachments. Therefore, helping foster parents in developing parenting behavior plays a key role. The primary purpose of the foster care system is to protect children and provide them with a calm, safe, and...
A high-quality daycare center plays a vital role in the appropriate development of children. While many children attend daycare centers and spend six hours a day on average in these facilities, the quality of such facilities is not necessarily satisfactory. Such factors as adequate attention to each infant, encouragement of...
Introduction Deviant behavior poses a threat to society, so scientists still elaborate on new theories explaining its origins. In their research, Antonietta Curci and Romy Greco found that strain and stress are factors leading to inner-directed forms of deviant behavior such as substance intake and gambling supplemented by negative emotions...
The short-term memory stores almost all the information received at some point in time on the senses. However, in this form, it is not stored for long: only a few seconds. If people cannot hold information in short-term memory, working memory cannot process such information. As far as long-term memory...
Applying Ecological Model to Tackle Social Issue Community psychology is the field that thoroughly studies human interactions and their influence on the functioning of the whole community. Furthermore, it is also based on social issues, organizations, and circumstances that might considerably impact people, groups, and society on the whole (Kagan...
Behaviorism Learning Theory is based around the idea of conditioning certain behaviors, which occurs through communication and other synergies with the surroundings. Some behaviorists argue that only observable behavior should be included in the idea since unobservable emotions and moods are too subjective (Mukhalalati & Taylor, 2019). Any person, regardless...
The successful academic study of the conceptual foundations of psychology is not limited to the study of lecture information or attendance at seminars. On the contrary, for a full and thorough mastery of the material under study, it is necessary to engage in the practical implementation of the knowledge and...
Biological theories of human behavior and criminality can be controversial topics to discuss, for it has some unclear moments. Although the researches and pieces of evidence on the biological influence on the predisposition to crimes may sound convincing and weighty, it is not enough to fully explain the criminal behavior....
In general, it is absolutely normal for people to experience anxiety during their lives, especially in challenging or emotional situations. However, continuous, strong, and unreasonable anxiety may lead to serious mental health disorders that impact relationships with other people (Bandelow, Michaelis, & Wedekind, 2017). From the personal perspective, anxiety may...
Evidence that heredity plays a significant role in personality development is compelling, and it must be considered in any biological explanation of individual variations. According to Carver and Scheier (2017), a complex biological entity produces human behavior. For example, some of my personality traits are similar to those of my...
Introduction Today’s world is a place where each person is constantly facing new challenges. New problems arise in everyone’s life, and it is impossible to stop this process entirely. Resilience determines the person’s ability to withstand stresses, which is why developing this trait is crucial for everyone. The most effective...
Intervening at Different Levels of Organizations Community psychology is the field firmly focused on enhancing people’s lives in various settings, namely: organizations, society, groups of people, or on an individual level. However, the experts need to follow basic rules of intervention on different levels to achieve fruitful outcomes for their...
Introduction Human life is one of the paramount values, but it does not necessarily mean that it receives the respect it deserves. One may argue that contemporary American society leaves much to be desired in this respect, especially when it comes to families. As the place where respect for life...
Executive Summary To study the connection between mental well-being, self-efficacy, and personal growth, researchers used three scales namely; Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-being, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Personal Growth Initiative. The study has questions and hypotheses that are used to drive the elements that would lead to a justifiable conclusion....
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) This paper presents an evaluation of the Minnesota multiphasic personal inventory – Second edition (MMPI-2). First of all, an outline of test evaluation (OTE) is provided, which describes the key features of the test. Based on the data obtained, a review of the advantages and...
Introduction The study of memory is a significant part of neuroscience as an insight into this topic could assist in the development of education, medicine and psychology. The researchers recognise several main types of memory, including long-term, short-term and working memory. The working memory model was developed in an effort...
Abstract Psychologists had become increasingly inclined to make psychology more scientific in the early 20th century. Psychologists argued that to be scientific, they needed to know only those elements to be analyzed and evaluated. A variety of different teaching theories have been proposed to explain why and how people behave....
I firmly believe that one’s development always lies in human cognitive abilities. While it is up to a parent to provide the necessary care and support, a child strives to learn about the world around them through an innate need. This impulse is inherent in all intelligent beings and is...
The factors that sparked the emergence of the lifelong perspective were of scientific matter. The researchers explored the biological, cognitive, and psychological changes throughout an individual’s life, which prompted them to develop a specific approach for explaining the nature of these changes. Namely, Paul Baltes, a German psychologist, decided to...
Introduction Psychological profiling can be perceived as an art rather than a science since it requires a deep understanding of human behavior. As a result, forensic mental health professionals are well equipped with knowledge that allows them to review the available evidence and offer profiles of individuals who may have...
Introduction The most significant period of prenatal development is the embryonic stage. The reason is that it plays a crucial function in the development of the brain. This stage occurs after the formation of the neural tube within the first four weeks of conception. It is important to note that...
Introduction Oprah Winfrey is truly an inspirational figure, who has greatly influenced the world and touched millions of people through her work. The story of Oprah’s early childhood and teenage years only emphasizes how much potential every individual has to rise above their surroundings and turn their life around. Oprah...
Article Summary The article “Increased Screen Time: Implications for Early Childhood Development and Behavior” discusses both positive and negative developmental and behavioral consequences of engagement with technology in early childhood. As for the advantages of digital engagement, the authors determined that infants can successfully imitate the actions or body language...
High school education is a critical aspect that significantly impacts the pursuit of a college degree and an individual’s social and personal development. Nevertheless, currently, many adolescents struggle in high school both academically and socially. Although I agree with Steinberg’s (2014) premise that American high school students lack challenge, I...
Many books, articles, films, and other forms of motivation have been designed to help people act effectively, whether it concerns their education, work, or other activities associated with achieving specific goals. One of the most famous works in this field is the book by Stephen Covey called The 7 habits...
To begin with, the tendency of technology usage has considerably soared over the last decade. As a result, children are now more exposed to the virtual world and tend to spend more time on their electronic devices rather than socializing with their peers in the real world. Overall, I agree...
Choice of occupation and preparation for new professional positions are always complex processes as they demand alterations in existing roles and extra training. At the same time, there is also a need for additional resources and training to acquire needed competencies and skills. Thinking about this process, it is possible...
An average human lifespan has grown drastically over the last few centuries, mainly due to improved living conditions, medicine, and technology. Losing memory, attention span, and cognitive function is a natural factor in human aging, which can only worsen with the overwhelming stress of the modern lifestyle (Kalat, 2015). Therefore,...
When dealing with students with severe mental disabilities, it is crucial to ensure their safety and protect them from self-harm. This was the purpose of shock therapy introduced into practice in the Rotenberg Centre (Young R., & McMahon S., 2021). However, as practice and a recent incident with tortured students...
FuturesWithoutViolence.org. (2016). Partnering with Head Start and Early Childhood Programs. Promising Futures. Web. The work discusses the nuances and purposes of partnering with the Head Start program. It represents the social program as helpful in supporting children exposed to domestic violence during times of stress. The work outlines significant collaboration...
The article titled “Facilitating Mental Health Support for LGBTQ Forced Migrants: A Qualitative Inquiry” discloses the issues this group faces and suggests facilitating measures (Kahn et al., 2018). This qualitative study examined intermediaries and obstacles to the provision of psychiatric care in Canada for forced migrants who were LGBT from...
Happiness is an elusive concept as being happy means various things to different people. In this exercise, five people were asked questions about happiness. Specifically, they were asked if they were happy, if they were living “the good life,” and whether they wanted to make any changes to their lives....
The human brain can be considered the central organ of the human body that controls everything from physical to emotional activity. Scientists and scholars have studied the connection between the brain and processes that flow in people’s bodies, emotions and reactions. This paper analyzes the interconnection between sensation and perception,...
In their study meant to evaluate biases between traditional and social media-administered surveys, Kalimeri et al. (2020) explore the unique observatory function of social media for human behaviors. The scholars note that social media offers an excellent opportunity to researchers by enabling them to conduct large-scale studies and research, particularly...
Abstract Psychology as a discipline tends to study human activities and cognitive behavior from varied perspectives. The profession uses scientific approaches better to understand human emotions, learning, and reaction. Being a psychologist, it is essential to focus on its dynamics to make plans that meet changing needs of people. In...
The survey is all about the determination of self-esteem among individuals, especially children, and the youth. It also gives insights into the rationale of self-esteem. It also takes into account the factors that may affect the self-esteem of specific individuals in society. What could actions help boost the self-esteem of...
Divorce of parents negatively affects the well-being of children. Eyo (2018) suggests that parents’ divorce influence the children psychologically. Consequently, children become isolated and stop communicating with their peers, often not realizing that they are not a problem of parental separation. In some cases, this psychological trauma may affect their...
This article is devoted to the problem of assessing the risk of suicide among schoolchildren. It is said about the inaccuracies that accompany the assessment of the risk of suicide and the great responsibility of school consultants who should create risk groups. This article also reveals that students often hide...
The phenomenon of generalization of the stimulus occurs when a specific reaction that was to the previous stimulus occurs on the following similar. This is practically explained when parents teach their children colors and shapes. Then infants can remember what a red triangle looks like and, as a result, distinguish...
Introduction During the last several years, mindfulness has become a popular practice when people become learn what they sense and feel without external judgments. This meditation comprises breathing techniques, repeating sounds, or constructing mental images (Lardone et al., 2018). In most cases, people comprehend mindfulness meditation as full conscious awareness...
Introduction People with a tendency toward suicidal ideation represent one of the largest high-risk populations because thoughts of death affect a high percentage of humans at least once during their lifetime. When it is only a transitory thought, it does not impact the given person’s life, but suicide-related plans represent...
The concepts of self-care and self-improvement can be interpreted differently. While some people believe that they imply mastering professional skills, others are confident that emotional well-being is more important. If a person makes no efforts to improve or worsens his or her current position, the cost of such behaviors can...
The field of counseling psychology has begun to integrate scientific principles into the social aspect. Science-practice integration has brought forward the concept of utilizing evidence-based practice (EBP). When it comes to its applicability to practice, scientific thinking requires decisions to be made from the best available research evidence; hence, judgments...
Human beings are expected to make decisions daily, mostly based on moral reasoning. Unlike other species, human beings are faced with moral and ethical challenges that demand logical and moral reasoning. People make different decisions in similar circumstances, an issue that has been a debate for many years. The question...
In “Is Google Making Us Stupid?”, published in an online magazine The Atlantic on July 1, 2008, Nicholas Carr explains the significant effect the Internet has on cognitive patterns and behavior. Providing evidence from his own and others’ experiences, as well as citing conducted studies and historical accounts, Carr builds...
In this essay, I would like to discuss how a person’s mind and body are affected by almost getting in a car accident due to heavy rain while driving home on a busy highway with a lot of traffic. Many drivers had a situation at least once in their lives...
One can put more study hours, but it does not necessarily imply that they are understanding the study material. Effective study can mean having efficient and brief study sessions that ultimately improve performance and study outcomes. Various ways to study more effectively include setting oneself up for achievement, studying smarter,...
Background The cognitive approach of the human being primarily comprises sensation, recall, reasoning, and knowledge reproduction. Therefore, cognitive psychology examines how these characteristics of the human mind combine to generate knowledge. This paper aims to summarize two experiments: Understanding emotions in text using deep learning and big data (Chatterjee et...
Fundamental attribution error happens when a person believes that others’ behavior reflects who they are when in reality people’s actions are impacted by many factors. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation that the person believes to be true, which in end helps them to fulfill it. Cognitive dissonance is a...
Personal Introduction of Childhood – Adolescence Speaking about my early years, I would not say that these life stages were filled with constant stress or troubles causing enormous emotional suffering. Raised in a two-parent family with two siblings, I received enough care and attention just like many of my peers...
Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget largely contributed to developmental psychology and education, notably exploring children’s learning styles and mental abilities. While Piaget’s theory of cognitive development postulates that children develop by interacting with their environment, Vygotsky’s approach focuses on the social and cultural aspects of a child’s life (Woolfolk, 2016)....
Kenneth Clark is a psychologist who was born in the Panama Canal Zone. At the age of five, his parents divorced, and Miriam, his mother, took him and his younger sister, Beulah, to Harlem. According to Barker, “Kenneth played a key role in increasing understanding of racism, its impact on...
Sophia is a seven-year-old client diagnosed with autism spectrum (ASD) disorder at the age of 5. She has significant difficulties in completing assignments whenever her mother does not supervise her. The parents are also concerned about the decreased social interactions in their child. She lives in the suburbs of the...
I interviewed Mr. Lou, who is a school counselor, and collected the following information. On the director’s job site, Mr. Lou implements counseling programs and integrates them with the school curriculum. He is also responsible for hiring and firing school counselors, supervising their works, and conducting performance appraisals on their...
Introduction As man goes along in his journey on earth, he encounters different colours of the rainbow which can be ignored at times, but which are a great influence on his activities and behaviour. Colour does not only shape our perception of things but our activities and human relationships. Colour...
How psychological factors impact dealing with health, behavior, and chronic illness Human overall health and the attitudes toward it are driven by a multitude of factors, among which the psychological ones play a significant role. While human tendency to inherit particular diseases or health particularities is validated by biological factors,...
Persuasion has become an important part of modern life. It is used to achieve goals and desires and can be intentional. However, people tend to use different methods and approaches to get similar results. Persuasive tools, practices, and skills are used, learned, and trained by some people to perform specific...
Introduction Considering that the 21st century can be characterized as the period of social awakening and upheaval, people with various backgrounds aim to get acquainted with the world in the most appropriate manner. In order to achieve this goal, they usually ask for help from counselors. In turn, social workers...
Summary Many people are not aware of their personalities and characteristics. In turn, it has led to an increase in the number of people struggling to accept themselves and live better lives. Self-awareness has helped in many different ways. It has enabled me to be better at decision-making by knowing...
Test Instrument Description Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents a heterogeneous group of developmental disorders that are characterized by impairments in communication, social interaction, and the presence of limited, repetitive behaviors or interests. Currently, the prevalence of ASD has increased significantly, and, according to various researchers, it is at least 1.5%...
Brief Review and Analysis At an early stage, children are aware of death even though they have little understanding of it. Death has become a popular theme in television and cartoon networks. For instance, with the increasing cases of COVID-19 infection, associated deaths are reported on local television channels daily....
The halo effect is one of the cognitive biases that indicate how an individual’s overall impression influences how others feel and think about them. For instance, a person who is considered ‘nice’ influences other evaluations, such as smartness. A single attribute can persuade people of all other aspects of a...
Statement of Problem/Purpose of Paper Family therapy is a subset of counseling that focuses on familial relationships between family members, couples, and parents and children. In contrast to individual treatment, it is based on using the relations inside families to address the issues with which they may be concerned. One...
The parent-child relationship refers to the enduring and strong bond between children and their caregivers. The social, emotional, and physical parent-child interaction illustrates the type of connection they have (Johnson et al., 2007). These associations determine the child’s future and their interaction with other people. For example, children whose basic...
Human development is a complex and multicomponent process, which, at first glance, is challenging to evaluate. However, it can be characterized by assessing development within four domains: physical, cognitive, social, and emotional (Berk, 2018). Nevertheless, this task is complicated due to the interconnectedness of all aspects. Physical parameters can influence...
Introduction and Rationale Nursing practice includes working with various types of patients to whom an individual approach is most often needed. A crucial parameter is to understand and cure the cause of the infection to eradicate the disease. In this essay, I would like to discuss the patient admitted to...
Introduction Adolescents and small children encounter various challenges and events that tend to disorient their life experiences. Such individuals are usually vulnerable and have higher chances of experiencing traumatic situations and events. This discussion examines this problem and how it affects African American children. The analysis outlines some of the...
Abstract Counselor impairment and wellness is a current issue affecting the counseling industry. Counselors are trained to restore hope, and, therefore, most of them do not seek help from other professionals. Counseling impairment, if poorly handled, affects the clients and disturbs the counselor. Misconducts in the counseling industry have increased...
Events are studied within the context in which they occur while focusing on connections and relationships. Central to this theory is the idea that the whole is always considered greater than the sum of its parts, that each part can only be understood in the context of the whole, that...
It is not an uncommon view that delusions render a person inadequate or even dangerous for society. However, not all delusions result in an adverse experience, despite being often provoked by it. Delusions can be defined as an error in judgment that persists despite the opposing evidence (Bebbington & Freeman,...
Introduction Psychological and other aspects of the pandemic are currently the most discussed topic both in the media and among scientists in various fields. The pandemic contributes to the manifestation of destructive mental reactions in healthy people, including anxiety, fear, phobia, obsession, and depression, as well as a distorted perception...
The article “The social context of delinquent conduct” by Nicholas Elmer, Stephen Reicher, and Andrew Ross was published in 1987 in The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. This paper presents the authors’ research on the antisocial behavior of individuals and the effects of their social surroundings on its occurrence....
Raising a child, taking care of their health and well–being is a time-consuming process that requires a lot of discipline and persistence from parents. As practice shows, even in well-off families, where parents experience sincere love and affection for their children, such forms of influence on the child as corporal...
To begin with, there are four main generally accepted classifications of forensic psychologists: actuarial, advisory, clinical, and experimental. Based on their preferences, people could choose the closest to their demands profession connected with a specific psychology field of study or practice. To my way of thinking, experimental forensic psychology is...
Psychoanalytic Theory This theory was advanced by Sigmund Freud. It states that the human behavior is determined by the sexual and aggressive drives that result from irrational forces, instincts, and the subconscious (Sulloway, 1992). Given these considerations, human behavior can be determined. Therefore, from the factors that determine the behavior...
Nowadays, there is a variety of sources providing information about deviance and crime. I usually get information about these issues from TV programs, specialized YouTube channels, publications in social media, and websites. Deviance describes any conduct, trait, or belief that breaches social norms in a certain society or group. Deviance...
Introduction This situation describes several problems and a few bad news e-mails that Henry Lai receives. It is rather challenging to determine one common problem of these letters; after all, not all the problems voiced in the situation resulted from this person’s guilt. However, Henry Lai still had several errors...
Abstract This paper will shed some light on the biographical setting of psychiatric specialist Carl Jung; get to know how he went about his profession. Also, by looking at his reasoning and how he made connections in psychology and religion, we can learn more on how these two fields are...
Introduction Adolescence is a delicate and exploratory time in life. These formative years are instrumental in a young person’s mental, physical, and emotional development. The implications of technological advancements within the cyber world have had a growing negative impact on this specific age group. Constant interaction defines this generation as...
The present study aims to understand the mechanisms behind the long-lasting consequences of early-life stress exposure. The researchers accomplish that by comparing the results of a number of cognitive and emotional tests conducted on rodents, modeled after human maltreatment or neglect. Some of the results were unexpected, such as varying...
Late adulthood, perhaps, can be called the most controversial stage in human life. People in this period of life are full of knowledge and experience but practically do not have the opportunity to realize them. In addition, there is a double attitude in society towards older people. Although they are...
Introduction Filial therapy is the foundation for the CPRT and includes parent meetings to provide mutual support in parenting. Parent-child therapy is a play-based parenting education model. It also includes parent meetings and child play training. The correct play format is critical as play is a safe environment for children...
The 2014 ACA code of conduct section A.4.b talks about personal values. Every counselor should not impose their values, beliefs, behaviors, or attitudes; instead, they ought to respect their clients’ diversity. Every individual has values and beliefs that they relate to, and as a counselor, I have to strive every...
Introduction The Henning’s is a family of five people. Jeffrey who is 68 and Michelle aged 66 are the parents. They have been married since 1984 and they have two daughters, Julia who is 28, and Sarah, and a son, David. The entire family stays in Detroit, Michigan, except Julia...
The instances in which people choose to lie to themselves due to the presence of social conditioning and pressure typically slip under the radar. However, considering these situations closer is important in order to discover the ways of self-improvement and, ultimately, a path to a better and happier life. In...
Introduction Crisis intervention is a type of psychotherapy practiced mainly in acute, dangerous situations such as drug overdose, suicide attempts, and episodes of major depression. Often this intervention is carried out over the phone or at special centers staffed by paraprofessionals. In a comprehensive sense, it means any activity that...
It goes without saying that pretend play is immeasurably significant for a child’s development. Multiple studies address the positive impact of this activity on small learners’ literacy, mathematical thinking, and language and scientific skills (“Pretend Play-tulsaworld.com”). At the same time, pretend play contributes to children’s ability to express their ideas,...
Population and Problem Selected The selected population is adolescents. It can be argued that adolescents are individuals between the ages of 10 and 19 years. At the beginning of this age bracket, many individuals start to acknowledge their unique features. This is further enhanced by physical growth as the human...
Abstract This paper applies the ethical decision-making model to solve the dilemma of a particular scenario. It discusses if using the client base of private counseling to sell homeopathic remedies was an appropriate decision or not. The approach of the scenario’s character creates an ethical dilemma that needs to be...
