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Introduction Memory is the system, which enables to encode, store, and retrieve obtained information over time. It is related to brain functioning and also can be considered as the faculty of it. The use of memory is involved in any human beings’ activity, as it is based on the received...
Implicit Association Test is a test that aims to discover and measure the implicit bias of a person taking it. In the time of taking the test, a person needs to react quickly and answer questions that divide concepts into two categories (Harvard’s Project Implicit, 2021). Despite people making their...
The cognitive process of reasoning/knowledge is an essential process related to learning, problem-solving, decision-making, and language. According to Socher et al. (2020), language and reasoning are interrelated processes, with language influencing “analogical reasoning ability” and reasoning “helping to detect new linguistic meanings” (p. 1). The primary functions of reasoning are...
Background Cognitive psychology studies how people receive information about the world, how it is presented to humans, how it is stored in memory and transformed into knowledge, and how it affects our attention and behavior. Cognitive psychology encompasses the full range of psychological processes, and covers all kinds of behavioral...
Self-confidence is a virtue linked to everything people want in life, like success at work, good relationships, a positive sense of self, and happiness. With the help of the Self Confidence Workbook, readers are able to build confidence and accomplish their dreams by developing their self-esteem. Readers understand why self-confidence...
This case tells the story of a day in the life of Emmett Taylor who works as an operations manager in a bottling company. When the storm prevents the normal function of the factory and delays supplies, Taylor suffers from stress (Behfar & Bodily, 2015). His frustration is caused by...
Abstract Self-esteem is a critical subject in the context of social relationships. The health of a relationship may depend on the level of self-esteem where high self-esteem improves relationships while low self-esteem degrades them. This relationship has been expressed in many studies, as expressed in the literature review. The current...
For people with attitudinal conflict, direct persuasion may not necessarily be effective. As Maliszewski (2011) highlights, people respond to conflict between their internal and external attitudes by exaggerating the latter to overcompensate. As a result, despite agreeing with anti-smoking messaging internally, smokers would be driven to ignore it and light...
When service dogs are used by the police or to help people with disabilities, their presence in social spaces is not disputable. When they are used to providing psychological help to people with psychological illnesses, their role becomes less obvious. Other assistance dogs, such as therapy and emotional support dogs,...
Introduction Singlehood refers to a situation of being unmarried or not involving relationships based on intimacy. The categories of singles include voluntary temporary singles, younger individuals who have never been married, and divorced people delaying marriage and remarriage (Himawan et al., 2018). The second is voluntary permanent singles, and these...
Introduction Dual earners refer to the families where both parents work and bring the paycheck home to share out the responsibilities of the household. Single earners on the other hand refer to the families whereby only one parent works and their earnings are used to cater for the household responsibilities....
Overview of Basis for Treatment There’s so much skepticism around borderline personality disorder (BPD), a mental condition marked by emotional dysregulation and dysfunctional interpersonal relationships. Many films have been used to establish characters with the same state, but no other movie depicts it as Silver Linings Playbook. Furthermore, the two...
The term of identity is intertwined closely with the concept of self, which is, in turn, among the key ones in psychology. Also, identity is an object of multiple social, political, and cultural studies that are currently gaining a special topicality on the background of the ever-strengthening globalist trends. The...
Patients with bipolar disorder present one of the most interesting populations to be studied from the abnormal psychology perspective. In their article, Duffy et al. (2019) report the outcomes of a two-decade observational and correlational study that aimed to observe the development and psychological maturation of bipolar patients’ children. The...
Human behavior develops with the habits and reactions based on instincts or past experiences and frequently becomes harmful to well-being. The ability to regulate and change one’s actions is influenced by reflective and implicit processes (St Quinton and Brunton, 2017). Consequently, a person can manage their health approaches by addressing...
Growth in mental complexity contributes to the shaping of conscience through the development of the feeling of empathy. Empathy can be characterized as a state of mental awareness of the feelings and emotions of other people. According to Schalkwijk (2018), the concept of self plays an essential role in this...
In thinking about improving the psychological instability treatment framework, the main thing to do is demonstrate who is liable for an individual’s emotional wellness. In the event that nobody is mindful, nobody can be accused; consequently, there is no influence to improve the framework. Individuals experiencing mental problems like sorrow,...
Notes Social media has been associated with many negative issues, one of which is mental health. The article states that social media have been responsible for the deprived mental health among the users. The research was conducted on different social media platforms like Facebook, WhatsApp, and other discussion board. Findings...
Introduction It is common knowledge that the health of the body depends on the health of the nervous system. Psychologists do a great job by helping people deal with their worries and fears because sometimes the patients have no one who could be trusted apart from the counselor. Previously, I...
I chose an article that discusses the effects of the ongoing pandemic on college students’ mental health. To determine whether to classify this source as scientific or non-scientific knowledge, it is essential to know the differences between the two types. One key distinction is that knowledge obtained through scientific methods...
Women have always had to overcome great obstacles in science to be recognized. Margaret Washburn is one of such women who have overcome formidable obstacles to work as an academy psychologist. Despite this, however, she has become the first woman who received formal recognition with a Ph.D. in psychology from...
Unfortunately, in many cultures, physical punishment is still common practice in raising children. Many parents sincerely believe that spanking is the most effective and quick way to educate and influence a child. However, the majority of them do not think about what consequences this may cause. According to Okuzono et...
The conflict that has taken place in the child care setting is concerned with discriminatory attitudes of one child toward another, manifesting through bullying and name-calling. Steven is one of the child care attendees who regularly calls Jessie, an adopted daughter of a gay couple, derogatory names. This caused much...
Almost all children go through the stage of individuation when they learn to be separated from their parents. Most toddlers quickly overcome separation anxiety and get used to the situation. However, sometimes a child may have problems because of the intense emotional pain and fear he experiences when being separated...
Many parents perceive television as harmful to their children due to the violence, stupidity, and false images of the TV show. While this fact is correct, parents often overlook that television also positively impacts the development and education of children through educational programs and cartoons that teach children valuable skills...
Physically impaired people and their relationships with sports are traditionally associated with rehabilitation periods. Nevertheless, the benefit of sports for disabled people has been proved not only on physical but also psychological levels. Physical activities helped increase muscular strength, improve balance and mobility, and increase maximum oxygen consumption (Valliant, Bezzubyk,...
Abstract This counseling group explores the numerous dimensions of a developing female adolescent identity while also encouraging a high degree of self-esteem. Adolescence is a period of life defined by significant identity issues and low self-esteem, especially for females (Pringle et al., 2016). As a result, this 12-week counseling group...
The rising cases of mental and behavioral disorders across all patient populations call for implementing the appropriate interventions. Mental health experts and researchers have invested time and funds in numerous research projects to determine the most effective treatment options for such patients. In its various forms, cognitive-behavioral therapy has gained...
In the context of present-day developments, psychological therapies and counseling are popular among the broad public. One of the approaches is externalizing conversation, which is considered an effective solution to personal problems. It implies a type of dialogue when a specialist introduces the space between the patient and the problem...
In the modern world, psychological assistance is an indispensable attribute for achieving a successful and conscious relationship with themself and between family members. Almost every member of society has its psychologist who is engaged in individual psychotherapy and counseling. At the same time, when using family psychotherapy, it is essential...
One of the characteristic phenomena of human society is conformism. Studies of this phenomenon have been conducted for a long time, and one of them was a series of experiments conducted by the American psychologist Solomon Asch. An article about the study was published in 1951. The psychologist Asch aimed...
Depression alters one’s mood, making one feel sad and lose interest in people, events, and objects, and thus may cause physical and emotional problems. It may involve treatment in the long run if it persists, which includes medication and psychotherapy. This paper will focus on a detailed summary of other...
Introduction Many people have faced various social labels and stigmas at work, in school, and in daily life. These labels are often harmful as they entail a special attitude towards the person, although sometimes they are also harmless. However, while the social origins of labeling, the process of their formation...
In psychological science, constructs appear to be an effective method for comprehending and analyzing human behavior. This term is used for labeling a cluster of covarying behavioral patterns, and therefore, it presents a mental construction. It is useful for providing an in-depth insight into the cause of commonality of people’s...
Introduction Human behavior has always been one of the most mysterious and challenging concepts in terms of justification and reasonable explanation. As a result, there is little astonishment in the fact that many sociologists decided to define the fundamentals of such justification through cognitive science and psychological triggers like motivation....
Introduction Many people do not recall their first two or three years when they were toddlers, but early life experiences are likely to live with them for many years. As such, early learning continue to shape their actions into adult life. While upbringing ordeals one undergoes when growing up characterize...
Traditionally defined as adolescents’ inability to draw the line between the actual idea that other people have of them and their interpretation of others’ perception of them, adolescent egocentrism is a term coined by David Elkind (Santrock, 2015). The phenomenon is quite common in most adolescent people. In fact, the...
Abstract Human developmental life stages explain the changes children undergo as they grow and mature. Various theories have been created to explain the different development aspects that include cognitive, emotional, and social growth. Developmental life stages in human is a varied and rich subject to study. Everyone has their personal...
The concept of need is fundamental to Murray’s explanation of human conduct. As an invisible link that connects what is directly observed and the resulting action, need may be imagined to possess the characteristics that a comprehension of the observed phenomena demands (Murray, 1938, as cited in, Champoux, 2017). Accordingly,...
The transition from childhood to adolescence is accompanied by an intensification of several internal developmental processes such as physical, sexual, psychosexual, and psychosocial. The book “Exploring Lifespan Development” provides a detailed analysis of the psychological and physical conditions of adolescence. During puberty, there is the rapid growth of the body...
This reflection paper focuses on delineating the exciting topics and concepts I have learned in the course and outlines the areas that need more focus. While studying, I have learned that peer influence on adolescents and youths affects brain functioning during physical and mental activities and determines how well or...
Taste aversion describes negative associations and tendencies to avoid particular foods. It is often caused by negative experiences, such as illness, that occur shortly after eating the food in question. For instance, if one gets ill after eating a variety of different dishes at a party, he or she might...
Anakin Skywalker, also known as Darth Vader, is a character in George Lukas’s Star Wars space opera. His path from a benevolent Jedi to a Dark Side leader is a great example of the personality development. Anakin was born to Schmi Skywalker, a solo-living woman who claimed that she had...
Gee, D., Gabard-Durnam, L., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Humphreys, K., & Telzer, E. et al. (2013). Early developmental emergence of human amygdala-prefrontal connectivity after maternal deprivation. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 110(39), 15638-15643. Web. Gee et al. (2013) have addressed the effect of maternal deprivation on human brain...
Three articles on various aspects of human personality have been studied during the preparation for this research. These articles focus on the following subjects: cognitive dissonance and how it affects the decision-making process, the evaluation of antisocial tendencies, and the traits connected to criminal personality. They also have a common...
Lifespan development refers to the complete process of human development, from birth to death. It implies a holistic and multi-dimensional approach to revealing and understanding the psychological, cognitive, emotional, as well as social changes that individuals undergo throughout their lifetime. The purpose of this paper is to conduct an in-depth...
Psychology is relatively modern science, which offers various controversial studies, yet it has already proven to be valuable and beneficial as a theoretical science and in practice. As the establishment of that modern science continues, distinct studies, coming from people with opposing views are emerging. Two main approaches that represent...
Without self-exploration, the counselor could project their problems and stress onto their clients. Helpers need to recognize the impact of working with suffering individuals on their mental state. They must be aware of their inner reactions and learn to overcome their pain constructively in order to be effective in their...
People experience different challenges that require them to act ethically and ensure that other individuals are protected. The four types of courage defined by psychologist Rollo Maya and examined by Karen Cox show the importance of different kinds of courage. These four aspects are physical, social, moral, and creative courage....
With the advent of microtechnology and the Internet, cell phones evolved into efficient and indispensable assistances in people’s daily lives. Individuals may use it to access information, connect with other people everywhere and anytime, or as entertainment by playing games or scrolling social media. Nevertheless, excessive use of smartphones and...
The big five model factors of personality are significant as they relate to the daily experiences of people. The five factors originated with Odbert and Allport in the late 1930s after which they spread across cultures (Han & Pistole, 2017). Among the five factors, openness is the most significant personality...
This work describes morality as the main component of modern society. It is an integral part of it, as it regulates order and interpersonal relations. In addition, the article describes rationalizations, justifications, and distractions that are tools for hiding the truth. People suppress the truth for various reasons, and often...
Self-defeating thoughts happen to be the damaging interpretations that individuals have about themselves and the environment that surrounds them. These defective beliefs influence their self-worth and their outlooks regarding individual capabilities and their associations with other people. There are various ways in which people can manage self-defeating thoughts (Housman &...
Introduction Anxiety diseases are mental well-being disorders that are characterized by reactions of distress or fear and worry that can interfere with typical day-to-day activities. Panic attacks, social phobias are some of the examples of anxiety disorders. The disorders can affect one’s life in various ways, like always expecting a...
Introduction The achievement of success during therapy depends on the practical application of specific theoretical principles and counseling skills. This case study underscores the challenges Hideko faces as she struggles to achieve a balance between caring for her ill mother and succeeding at school. In addition, she barely has time...
Mental Disorder Chosen The type of mental disorder chosen is depression, which affects millions of people worldwide each year. Depression is a feeling of constant sadness and loss of interest, affecting how a person performs their day-to-day activities. There are different types of depression, including dysthymia, psychotic, melancholia, and major...
The Early Childhood stage of development lasts from 3 to 5 years. During this period, children are already ready to master complex skills, such as riding a two-wheeled bicycle. This period is the main stage in the development of speech. This is a reason why is why it is especially...
The speech begins to develop, starting from the first days of human life. The individual characteristics of each child make up a specific picture of his language development. For example, one toddler out of five will start talking later than peers (American Academy in Pediatrics, 2019). However, some milestones exist...
Introduction As children grow, they develop physically and have measurable attributes such as weight and height. Further to this physical growth, as children grow, they also develop cognitive abilities. Jean Piaget was the first psychologist who did an in-depth study into how children acquire understanding as they grow. Piaget concluded...
Notes Every psychologist would like to find out the best method of treating stress and depression. The article presents research on the best way to tend to such medical issues. The ERT, or the Emotional Regulation Therapy, demonstrates significant improvement in treating anxiety, depression, life satisfaction, ruminating, worrying, and being...
Most of the existing IQ tests measure general intelligence level, which is due to the relative ease of their preparation. If I were to create such a tool for psychological measurement, then I would include tasks for working memory, space perception, and arithmetic abilities. IQ tests must be standardized, which...
Many conflicts arise from wrong conclusions resulting from how people perceive others in a given situation. A simple statement can result in conflict while the original intent was good. As people interact with each other, there are many ways through which perception can lead to conflict. Sometimes, perceptions are influenced...
In our daily lives we sometimes have to contend with poor decision-making. As resolution formulation is a cognitive activity, it means that the outcomes from conclusions drawn, may either be rational or irrational (Priest, 2019). If an unreasonable settlement is formed, then probably the assumptions built were not supported by...
Nowadays, due to the fast pace of life and omnipresence of technology and digital entertainment media, it is hard to slow down, take a deep breath and just enjoy the present moment. Those were my first thoughts when I received the assignment. Being reminded of the importance of spirituality in...
Attachment Psychologists distinguish four attachment patterns: secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant or anxious-ambivalent, and insecure-disorganized. From infancy, children carry these models into the future, which help them seek lifelong approaches to relationships with other people (Fearon & Roisman,2017). A secure pattern implies a relationship with a parent who consistently satisfies the need...
Introduction The Justice system faces significant controversial dilemmas constantly. It may be impossible always to find the person who committed the crime or to prove the guilt. In some cases, laws may conflict, and interpretation of a concrete situation may fall entirely on the shoulders of the judges. For instance,...
Jung Typology Carl Jung, a psychiatrist from Switzerland, invented the Jung typology which has become very popular. The theory suggests that persons have characteristics determined by four preferences. Additionally, the Jung typology describes various psychological functions, including sensing, feeling, thinking, and perceiving. Personality tests can be determined through multiple assessments,...
Parental divorce or separation and children’s mental health Authors of the article: Brian D’Onofrio and Robert Emery Hypothesis/ Research question/ Purpose: The research focuses on the relationship between parental divorce or separation and children’s mental health. It elaborated on the impact and outcome of children from divorced or separated parents....
It is hard to stay calm in the modern world where people face excessive workload, complicated relationships, financial worries, and transitional periods in life. Stress is almost inevitable because it is a natural reaction of the body to danger. Sometimes it can be positive, helping to be more alert and...
Personality Disorder is a long-term pattern of how someone feels, thinks, and behaves, which causes problems or distress from what culture expects. This disorder can be inherited or influenced by the environment or experiences. It affects how one response emotionally, relates with others or thinks about themselves and others (Kramer,...
A military family is a special alliance in which all members subordinate their lives to military duty. It is a relatively specific social group, for which, along with the functions and problems common to any family, peculiarities due to military service are inherent. The tension in such a family is...
In most cases, the phrase “The ends justify the means” is associated with the justification of unethical, immoral, and illegal actions if the outcome is profitable for the people involved. Niccolò Machiavelli who had introduced these words frequently mentioned them in the same context in his works, stating that doers...
Sexuality is a complex concept that deals with biological and social aspects affecting human behavior and mental health. It has been a sensitive tabooed topic for years, which makes it difficult to openly discuss and attempt to change the social attitudes towards sexual aspects of human life. Accordingly, it requires...
Introduction People are often exposed to distressing events that affect them and their development in the future. Stress and trauma can significantly impact one’s mental health and biological makeup, leading to the development of various physical and psychological conditions. Nevertheless, resilience is the most common outcome of exposure to traumatic...
Love is an emotion in which individuals are bound and devoted. From the standpoint of evolutionary psychology, love developed so that children’s parents could live together long enough to achieve their sexual maturity. According to Good Therapy (2020), “love is complex. A mix of emotions, behaviors, and beliefs associated with...
Children with developmental delays require work on the formation of communication skills based on several principles developed in general, correctional pedagogy and particular psychology. Applied verbal behavior (ABA) is a behavior analysis process intended to teach a child with developmental delays to speak the language and communicate. The purpose of...
Introduction All people experience a considerable change in their cognitive and social behavior during adolescence which ultimately impacts their future life. As a result, every individual has a story about their transformation during that period. Personally, I would not like to disclose my private information, but my aunt Jane told...
One exciting idea from the reading is that it helps people become mentally sharp when faced with challenging situations. Challenging experiences help an individual’s brain focus on a specific problem or challenge and process the information quickly. Likewise, it recalls it when dealing with related issues, developing ways to solve...
The topic of the planned research will be how the Stroop effect is related to age and gender. The Stroop effect refers to the delay in the response time, which is measured using the Stroop test. In general, the Stroop test is a set of color words printed with the...
Abstract The proposal presents the topic of the anxiety of musicians in music performance, as well as how this anxiety could be alleviated. The research questions are as follows: 1) Is there a link between musicians’ types of temperament and the extent of anxiety they face in music performance? 2)...
Physical description of the child Laura is wearing a red, turtleneck, long sleeved shirt. She is in dark blue pants, with white open shoes. She is wearing two little ponytails on her head, each on the side. A silky hair band, which is dark blue in colour to match the...
Introduction Many internal and external influences can define an individual’s life and success. However, as most external factors are principally out of one’s control, it can be asserted that internal elements have the principal effect on a person’s endeavors and efforts. In particular, emotional intelligence has a meaningful impact on...
Communication is an essential aspect of human interaction, as evidenced in modern societies. Analyzing people is vital for enhancing social cohesion and objective conflict resolution among individuals. As a result, this discussion presents a review on practical mechanisms of analyzing people by Katherine Chambers. The book How to analyze people:...
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a kind of treatment presented by Albert Ellis during the 1950s. It is a methodology that causes you recognize unreasonable convictions and negative idea designs that may prompt enthusiastic or social issues. He alludes that not actuating occasion but individual conduct and musings lead...
The subjects related to personality psychology are currently of significant interest for both scholarly and non-scholarly writers. The content published on various information websites often refers to the relationship between personality traits and achievable levels of welfare and happiness. The article “Does your personality predict your happiness?” by Greater Good...
Experimental research design is aimed at studying the causal relationships between two variables. Most often, two variables are used: the independent or influence variable, and the dependent, which is the one that is being influenced. Experimental research design suggests that the independent variable will have some influence on the dependent...
Introduction Communication apprehension refers to the fear and anxiety experienced by a person when they communicate with someone else or a group of people. It is a psychological response to the stress that comes when addressing people, and since the body perceives this communication as a stressor, it responds with...
Brian Case Overview Brian was one of the two people discussed in the intervention video #4. The clip has detailed many of the man’s life circumstances, including his family, loved ones, housing and finances, as well as the type of addiction he is suffering from. Brian is a 24-year-old male...
It is definitely not a secret that every individual is different. People have distinct opinions, perspectives, ways of communicating, principles of communicating, and behavioral patterns. However, there is still a question of why human beings behave the way they do which contributes to the emergence of various discussions between professionals...
In general, the stage of change or transtheoretical model was designed to understand human behavior through comprehensive steps toward change. The stages of the model include pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance (Raihan & Cogburn, 2021). In the present day, the transtheoretical model is regarded as effective across multiple problems,...
Organizational behavior is comprised of four main areas of study, which are psychology, social psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Although each of the studies people, the emphasis and focus are put on a different aspect of human dynamics. However, the primary accentuation should be given towards the field of psychology, which...
Adler believed that people have a moral way of covering their ungodly, awkward, and unwelcome self-centered character from public scrutiny. These methods, in the form of ‘cover-ups’, are what Adler referred to as safeguarding tendencies. They are self-protection measures instead of the construction of what Adler called neurotic symptoms. Most...
One of the essential points I learned about the psychology of emotions is the mechanism of the so-called fight or flight response. It is an automatic evolutionary reaction to a stressful or frightening situation that lies in an instant activation of the sympathetic nervous system (Psychology Tools, n.d.). It readies...
Introduction Suicide is a major public health concern and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. What aggravates the current situation is the COVID-19 pandemic that triggers vulnerable people’s mental conditions and is anxiety-inducing due to social isolation, health dangers, and uncertainty. It is now common knowledge that suicidal...
Introduction It is hard to disagree that going to school, communicating with peers, obtaining new skills, and getting both positive and negative experiences may be challenging for the majority of children and adolescents. However, few people realize that it is even more difficult for young kids with certain mental disorders...
Introduction Reflection plays an important role in continuous personal and professional development. The practice involves utilizing acquired knowledge rather than reciting what has been learned (Cameron, 2016). Hicks et al. (2019) conquer that the feelings and thoughts emerging from pondering about the situation enable people to generate new concepts. This...
Psychological progress entered everyday life and the humanitarian attitude to the upbringing of children was shaped, but some people still regard infliction as an appropriate disciplinary measure. I strongly disagree with this archaic approach and, as a parent, I would never intend to punish my child, meanwhile, I find using...
Introduction The phenomenon of PTSD is not as uncommon in military families as one might have believed it to be. Due to the precious exposure to multiple traumatic occurrences, military veterans receive powerful trauma that defines their interactions with their family members to a significant extent (Solomon et al., 1992)....
This paper provides a brief critique of Chapters 7 and 8 of the book by Persons (2008) entitled The Case Formulation Approach to Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. The reviewed chapters dwell upon the use of formulation to create a treatment plan and the use of relationship in CBT (cognitive-behavior therapy). In this...
Introduction Single parenthood is becoming an increasingly prevalent phenomenon in the western hemisphere, especially in the United States and European Union. This social trend began in the 1970s along with social liberation (Cashmore, 2014). Some people consider the growing single-parent family rate is an acute societal issue and a sign...
How the idea of an explanatory style explains psychological disorders The explanatory style is a psychological trait that allows individuals to offer similar explanations for different events using either an optimistic or pessimistic approach. It is advantageous in that an optimistic perspective facilitates healing. However, a pessimistic approach tends to...
Introduction The time of the beginning of adulthood is a controversial measurement for defining this stage of one’s life. The reason for it is the difference of approaches of different scholars to the problem. The traditional specialists who developed stage theories with their specificities and struggles, such as Erik Erikson...
