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This paper provides a brief critique of Chapters 7 and 8 of the book by Persons (2008) entitled The Case Formulation Approach to Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. The reviewed chapters dwell upon the use of formulation to create a treatment plan and the use of relationship in CBT (cognitive-behavior therapy). In this...
Introduction Single parenthood is becoming an increasingly prevalent phenomenon in the western hemisphere, especially in the United States and European Union. This social trend began in the 1970s along with social liberation (Cashmore, 2014). Some people consider the growing single-parent family rate is an acute societal issue and a sign...
How the idea of an explanatory style explains psychological disorders The explanatory style is a psychological trait that allows individuals to offer similar explanations for different events using either an optimistic or pessimistic approach. It is advantageous in that an optimistic perspective facilitates healing. However, a pessimistic approach tends to...
Introduction The time of the beginning of adulthood is a controversial measurement for defining this stage of one’s life. The reason for it is the difference of approaches of different scholars to the problem. The traditional specialists who developed stage theories with their specificities and struggles, such as Erik Erikson...
John Bowlby, a psychoanalyst born in 1907 believed that behavioral and mental health problems were a result of a person’s early childhood. His evolutionary attachment ideology proposes that a child is born preprogrammed to develop associations with others (Bowlby, 2018). Bowlby believed that this attribute helped children to survive in...
Why Worldview Matters Every individual has a different and unique way of viewing the world. Worldviews are how people see and interpret the world around them. There are different world realities for everyone due to the circumstances we grow up. For instance, the economic conditions of a person, education, and...
Stress is a tension that occurs in the life of a person. There is a way in which an individual manages to control stress in the workplace. Staying away from conflict is one method of avoiding stress. A disagreement can affect people emotionally, resulting in pressure. It is rare for...
Introduction The formation of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial skills is an ongoing process that begins with the birth of a child. Dividing the lifespan into separate developmental stages allows highlighting the key steps that a person goes through as they grow up and gain new attainments. This work aims to...
Introduction Anxiety is very similar to other diseases that people recognize as serious, such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, etc. Anxiety disorders very common in countries like the USA. Anxiety is defined as a two-week period in which an individual feels depressed, sad, hopeless, unmotivated, or otherwise uninterested in life,...
A person experiences different emotions in various situations, which color them in different shades. There are positive and negative emotions such as pride or boredom. In everyday life, they organically interact, forming a whole emotional picture of a person’s existence. However, sometimes various events are so unexpected that they shock...
Introduction Finishing school and going to college may be an incredibly difficult process for numerous young people. Many factors can make it challenging, including exams and tests, sleepless nights for good grades, vast amounts of homework, and nervous anticipation of news from colleges. Therefore, most teenagers go to higher educational...
Introduction Person-centered therapy belongs to the humanistic school of counseling as devised by an American psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1950s. The idea behind the development of the theory was the focus on the clients’ experiences of themselves instead of focusing on counselors’ expert knowledge of what is wrong with...
Predisposing Factors Predisposing factors put a person at risk of developing a disorder. For Daniel Tammet, being male is the first reason that might have contributed to his autism spectrum disorder (ASD) because boys are more likely to develop this condition than girls. Social factors such as poverty and lack...
Although psychology is often considered a social science, it uses scientific methods of reasoning and research. The study of neuropsychology and how different brain processes are involved in the formation of behavior require observations and evidence. Many educational psychology programs are based on “using scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena,...
As people become older, they have to make more efforts to preserve their cognitive skills and abilities. Men and women who are 65 and more years old use different methods to improve and constantly develop their mental health. Some of them train their brains with the help of games and...
During adolescence, several changes occur to the human brain. Firstly, the amount of gray matter in the brain’s prefrontal cortex reaches its maximum, after which it begins to decrease. Second, the sensitivity of areas in the limbic system becomes much higher than in adults. It is these two interactions that...
Introduction The concept of evolutionary psychology refers to the theoretical framework that seeks to explain meaningful mental and psychological behaviors. That may include memory, language, and perception as the determinants of the functional products of natural selection. Charles Darwin did the theory of natural selection in his book On the...
Illegal in quite a number of countries, pyramid schemes are a business model that relies primarily on the enrollment of new members with a promise of payment and other benefits and collecting bonuses and commissions for recruiting. Multi-level marketing is similar to pyramid schemes in many aspects; however, this model...
Introduction Human development, both from an individual perspective and in a social context, is a subject of study in different disciplines. Positive psychology is a science that views the human being from the standpoint of the aspects of well-being and conditions for positive development. The analysis of emotions and character...
This course had a significant impact on me since it was specially designed for students studying psychological and pedagogical specialties. It could be interesting for school and counseling psychologists, social workers, as well as teachers involved in counseling work with adolescents and youth. The course described in detail the process...
Introduction Childhood is undoubtedly the most significant period in human life, which is characterized by the comprehensive development and acquisition of fundamental skills and knowledge needed to live in society. Particularly, in this stage, individuals are inclined to experience various life events, especially dangerous and frightening ones, most intensively, which...
Firstly, the article provides a theoretical background on the research question. The authors provide a brief review of literature and studies on the topic of the influence of neighbors on the development of a child since 1990 (Minh et al. 160). Information is provided that the environment including the neighbors,...
The environment a child grows in plays a pivotal role in the development of their personality. It is not uncommon for people to experience the same problems in their adult life, which were apparent during their childhood. This tendency has received substantial attention from the researchers. Much literature has been...
One of the principal conditions for one’s success in life is motivation, and the division of this concept into extrinsic and intrinsic factors allows revealing their role and impact in the process. Similar attempts were made by Daniel H. Pink, who examined the latter notion from the perspectives of three...
Middle adulthood is the period of lifespan between young adulthood and old, typically classified as ages 45 to 60. While most individuals maintain childhood traits, middle adulthood is a period of significant psychological growth as personality develops with overcoming life challenges. Unlike previous ages, middle adulthood is not confined by...
Introduction Undoubtedly, origins, heredity, and the strengths invested in education influence a person’s ability to succeed in adulthood. At the same time, success in life is affected by a unique combination of intellectual capacity and emotional sensitivity, where one’s feelings and desires are not used destructively but to achieve long-term...
When I think of older people, the ideas of a different perspective on life, health issues, and the need for support come to my mind. Such connections are common for many people, and they result from different contexts, such as media, social stereotypes, and personal experience with one’s grandparents (Brierley,...
Various life events, even positive ones such as Christmas or vacation, have an impact on a person’s stress levels and well-being. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) can be used to determine the level of psychological stress and susceptibility to illness and accidents (p. 424). Due to the test, I...
Creativity is critical to art therapy because it helps the client-artist to develop a critical insight into their emotions, feelings, and thoughts. The art therapist focuses on creating a non-threatening, therapeutic environment which helps the clients to express and understand their emotions, feelings, and thoughts through the creative process (Kuban,...
The development of a person throughout his life is closely related to concepts such as continuity (quality) and discontinuity (quantity) (Lerner, 2018). Moreover, the author states that this issue is one of the main problems of the psychology of personality development, the subject of lengthy scientific disputes. Continuity is interpreted...
Introduction For this paper, I have chosen to compare and contrast two prevalent theories of Personality: the Social Cognitive Theory and the Trait Theory. To kick things off, I would like to ask the question, what are theories of personality and why are they important? Before Psychology experts began doing...
Various studies have been carried out to determine how to measure intelligence. Several theologists and scientists have disagreed on whether intelligence is genetic or an influence brought by the environment one grew up in. According to Bates & Gupta (2017), the first group intelligence test was conducted in the early...
Stress has devastating effects on one’s life. Coping with stress demands one to have an idea of what gives rise to the stressed condition, a case that will enable him/her adopt appropriate steps to deal with it pragmatically. Stress can be caused by external and internal factors, which are both...
Introduction Human relationships in society are predetermined by various factors, including their mental health, education level, personal experience, and attitudes. Social psychology aims at studying and analyzing these interactions to promote well-being and stability. However, each theory or hypothesis in this field is based on specific experiments and observations that...
Introduction The individuality of each person is shaped during childhood, and all major events people face when they are young ultimately have an effect on their future life. Freud believed that human behavior is governed by unconscious instincts and that childhood experiences constitute the primary factor in explaining adult personalities...
The system of beliefs and the receiver’s perceptions of information are necessary for the effective management of information. A sensory system is responsible for transferring the data collected by the senses to the brain. The signals like sounds, sights, and smells received by the senses, also called action potentials, are...
When the Body Says No is a book written by Dr. Gabor Mate. It explores the link between the mind and the body and the role of stress in respect to the onset of many illnesses such as diabetes, arthritis, cancer, heart disease, multiple sclerosis among others. It shows the...
For many people, the primary purpose of life apart from health, family, and good work is to be happy. We have been looking for ways to achieve well-being in our lives for centuries. Is there a general method to become satisfied and to make our family and close friends feel...
The theories of development allow understanding oneself by using self-reflection and considering the key milestones. According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, my development began with recognizing the objects and creating certain schemes during the sensimotor stage up to the age of two (Babakr et al., 2019). From seven to...
An accusation of child molestation is an extremely serious one and needs to be addressed carefully. Suppressing a memory of a traumatic event, especially at a young age, is considered a defense mechanism. Today, an increasing number of cognitive psychologists believe repressed memories are genuine and can be recovered (Engelhard...
Cogsdill, E. J., Todorov, A. T., Spelke, E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2014). Inferring character from faces. Psychological Science, 25(5), 1132-1139. The study focuses on the relation between facial appearance and its effects on social judgments. The researchers conducted two experiments on how adults and children aged 3 to...
Introduction The use of visual images for the objective assessment of a patient’s behavioral patterns and tendencies was one of the invaluable contributions of Hermann Rorschach. The proposed system allowed for conducting brief experiments in practically any setting and its simplicity was added to the confirmed reliability of the tests...
Introduction As children grow and develop, they might face problems related to their psychological well-being, learning, and socialization. Therefore, to evaluate the assets and weaknesses of a certain person, it is essential to take into consideration psychological testing and assessment. By getting information about school-age children and youth’s behavioral and...
For more than ten years, there has been an increase in Google searches for circumstances dealing with empathy. The War for Kindness by Jamil Zaki describes empathy and how an individual can increase it. The author opens the article by showing that for most people, empathy is a result of...
Introduction The outcome of counselling is strongly dependent on the communication abilities of a therapist. Psychotherapy allows creating interpersonal relationships between counsellors and patients to improve the psychological state of the latter (Soma et al., 2020). Indeed, establishing a therapeutic alliance with clients is essential for creating an emotionally comfortable...
Current Personal Theory The existential theory has been entirely instrumental in informing me on how to assist others as a counselor effectively. It focuses on various phenomena in people’s lives, such as freedom, death, responsibility, loneliness, anxiety, and the general meaning of life. The approach is based on six aspects:...
The emotional state is a vital part of an individual’s mental health. Mental health disorders are common in childhood, and it is essential to prevent them to avoid behavioral deviations and reduce the level of emotional pressure on children (Ogundele, 2018). Therefore, it is significant to investigate the frequency with...
Children brought up in impoverished orphanages have a pattern of indiscriminate friendly behavior. Such children may have problems with socialization in the future since it will be difficult for them to separate good people from bad ones. A different situation may arise if the child forms an avoidant attachment style....
Introduction Within the human body, stress is defined as a homeostatic state that is threatened by either intrinsic or extrinsic adverse factors. These are frequently counterbalanced with a collection of physiological and behavioral responses which aim to establish the optimal body equilibrium or eustasis. An adaptive stress response is dependent...
The loss of knowledge from long-term memory is referred to as forgetting. We all forget stuff, such as a loved one’s birthday, someone’s name, or where our car keys are kept. As you’ve seen, memory is fickle, and forgetting can be aggravating and even humiliating. For example, being unable to...
Topic Background and Variables Explanation The purpose of the study is to evaluate the frequency, with which participants experience emotional problems, and feelings of inadequate responsibilities their families demand to fulfill. The first survey questions how often the experiments members have been bothered by emotional problems, and answer categories are:...
Introduction Since childhood, human beings are always under the influence of a particular environment, whether at home with family, school, or work. A variety of developmental processes might help children become more aware of their environment and learn to control it. In a close synthesis, both nature (genes) and nurture...
In counseling, clients are defined as people who receive services from a mental health professional. A family is a group of people who are related to the client. Community education is a program of organizations that promote learning and work with people to improve their lives (Center for Substance Abuse...
Sensation and Perception Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Attentional control There are two types of attention that can be pointed out from the literature on the subject. Sasin and Fougnie (2021) suggest that bottom-up and top-down attention represent an essential dichotomy that cannot be ignored...
Taking a career path in psychotherapy can be challenging and exciting. Besides theoretical and academic approaches, interacting with people and helping them determine and correct their dysfunctional behaviors require significant expertise. This set of skills is integrated with a lot of reading, work, and personal development. At the beginning of...
Airaksinen, E., Wahlin, A., Forsell, Y., & Larsson, M. (2007). Low episodic memory performance as a premorbid marker of depression: Evidence from a 3-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115(6), 458–465. The article aims to explore low episodic memory scores as an important risk prerequisite for depressive disorders. The appropriate utilization...
In 1913, John Watson announced the creation of a new area in psychology — behaviorism. He believed that psychology must be an accurate and reliable science, therefore, it is necessary to study human behavior. The main element that determines the direction of the child’s mental development is environmental influence. To...
Physical Description Understanding the process of physical, mental, social, and emotional development is critical to managing issues occurring at certain developmental stages due to the influence of external factors. The ability to identify and isolate factors hindering an individual’s development is particularly important when observing childhood development. For this reason,...
Introduction Transitioning from the military into civilian life is commonly associated with painful experiences and dramatic outcomes. Many former service members admit having issues with becoming accustomed to a peaceful lifestyle. Some of them feel unneeded, whereas others feel underappreciated or misunderstood. Military and civilian agencies collaborate to meet transitioning...
Usually, people are confident in the inviolability of their memories and are ready to vouch for the accuracy of the details, especially when it is a significant event for them. Meanwhile, false memories are the most common thing; they inevitably accumulate in the memory of every person. Most people have...
The establishment of relationships between a mother and a child is a vital stage in human development. However, today, the mother is not the only caregiver involved in a child’s life. Therefore, much attention is paid to the evaluation and improvement of emotional bonds. In the middle of the 1990s,...
Experts and scientists have trying to determine whether the attachment is more of a biological or purely psychological process in the case of human beings. Indeed, the levels and varieties of attachment demonstrated by people are unparalleled among other species. Harry F. Harlow was one of the leading theorists of...
The strengths and challenges to Kohlberg’s theory Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development is a simplistic model which is based on the premise that moral development is intrinsically linked to cognitive development, thus loosely associated with age. The theory suggests that there are three stages of moral development, preconvention, conventional, and...
The article by Przybylski et al. (2013) investigates the concept of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and aims to understand this phenomenon in detail. The authors introduce the article topic by clarifying that social media provides numerous opportunities for engaging in social activities, but a range of factors limit it,...
Population Description The selected population for this study is adolescent. Nearly one out of five adolescents shows signs of diagnosable mental health disorder (Schwarz, 2009). Specifically, anxiety and depression have been determined as the most common in almost one third of adolescents. It is imperative to note that warning signs...
Introduction Erikson’s theory of psychosocial growth is a critical, and useful theory in relation to our lives. Life is a never-ending cycle of learning and trials that help us grow.According to new research, Erikson expanded on Freud’s biological and sexually focused theory by incorporating cultural and social elements (Salkind, 2008)....
People who live in economically disadvantaged communities face several challenges pertaining to their mental health. They are at a greater risk of being exposed to violence, crimes, and intolerance when compared to middle or high-income communities. Apart from this, the ability of these individuals to access mental health services is...
Introduction The life of every human being, at some point, requires making choices in terms of the future. The following process of decision-making, along with the ability to think and perceive the environment critically, is generally known as the ability that separates homo sapiens from other species. However, when it...
The video is an outstanding illustration of cognitive behavioral therapy, where the key concepts demonstrated in the video revolve around emotions, thoughts, and behavior, which are disputations and collaborative empiricism (Sommers-Flanagan & Sommers-Flanagan, 2018). The main objective is to identify the link or relationship between these elements of the human...
Personality disorders are a group of mental diseases characterized by long-repeated patterns of deviating thoughts and behaviors, which become a serious obstacle to work and relationships with others. Science does not know the exact reasons for the appearance of symptoms of these conditions. However, multiple studies have managed to prove...
Health Belief Model (HBM) Key constructs The core construct of HBM is an alleged risk of a particular disease state, which includes the outcome of a supposed susceptibility to the sickness and its perceived severity. Further, the model puts more emphasis on decisional balance – the virtual weight of the...
Introduction The concept behind attachment theory is that a child needs to develop a strong bond with at least one primary caregiver. John Bowlby first formulated the attachment theory in the 1960s, concentrating on the mother-child bond. Bowlby defined attachment as a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings” (Cherry, n.d....
Introduction Neuropsychology is an area of psychology that studies the relationships between the brain and the mind and how they affect behavioral control. The traditional approach in neuropsychology involved looking for connections between brain injuries and psychological abnormalities. However, this approach has since changed with the advancement of theoretical models...
Introduction Assisting military personnel in training resiliency and coping with stress and anxiety is a crucial task in view of potential health risks, in particular, mental disorders. The case of John, a 29-year-old military man who has just returned from a zone of armed conflict, proves that a person faced...
Over the last three decades, there has been laxity among women and men to assume the roles of adulthood. During the postwar era through to the mid-1980s, at age twenty-five, one had already transitioned to adulthood by marrying and finding a purpose in life (Berlin et al., 2010). The trend...
The children in the group surveyed had quite common views on adulthood and career aspirations. It is noteworthy that their dreams have changed throughout the past months, which is typical of children who develop and learn more about the world around them and themselves (Click & Parker, 2011). At the...
What is courage, anyway? While this is one of the most well-known positive qualities that are ideal for many roles, the exact wording is often quite vague. In a general sense, people often understand by courage the absence of fear. This formulation is not surprising because of the roles commonly...
Intimate Partner Violence Among Women Intimate partner violence is a common issue occurring to many women worldwide. Women are susceptible to abuse either by their husbands, their partners, or their ex-husbands throughout the world. Apart from the immediate physical harm, this violence can affect women’s mental and psychological health in...
The psychological development of a person is a process of development of behavior, consciousness, and character. It occurs in the process of a human being’s inclusion in various types of activity. This topic is discussed in terms of developmental psychology, an area of psychology that studies the psychological changes in...
The interview regarding the client’s sexual history is one of the simplest ways to examine his or her sexuality effectively. It allows gathering necessary information about the clients’ past and what impact it had on them. This questionnaire covers a number of different topics from parental relationship to the client’s...
Scavenger hunt Single-Parent Families affect on Child Psychology Single parenthood is where one parent, either he/she raises a child alone. Factors contributing to such a setup include academic differences, economic opportunities, regional legislation, and the social status. Single parenthood has been witnessed mostly in the western regions of the United...
Introduction Many factors inspire someone to pursue a career in psychotherapy. The psychotherapy job entails working with patients suffering from stress, depression, phobia, emotional problems, and other behavioral issues. The major influence that motivates somebody to pursue psychotherapy as a career is the passion for psychology matters. Under this point,...
These days, researchers have proved the connection between emotional intelligence and the possibility of career success. According to Reynolds, this aspect may be significantly more important than IQ (2011). The researcher concludes: “trait EI is a proxy for emotion-related self perceptions that are directly relevant to organisational variables such as...
Psychologists are science experts who are well versed with human behavioral nature, emotions, individual, and social awareness. Psychologists examine and interpret how people relate with each other and how the environment influences their way of life (CollegeGrad, 2021). Psychology is used in all life areas; it helps explain how we...
In the context of present-day developments, it is believed that a huge variety of things and events may influence a person’s opinion even without his or her control. For instance, subtle and competent political propaganda may have a significant impact on the formation of political views of the population, and...
The psychologist’s work is rather complicated because it is connected to exploring human nature. With people revealing their secrets and sharing problems, it is easy for a specialist to be carried away with emotions and become too subjective. Therefore, it is essential for psychologists to understand the ethical principles of...
Child emotional neglect is the common phenomenon observed in terms of raising psychologically healthy children. Emotional maltreatment is a behavioral relationship pattern in which one’s emotional needs are not met. They are either ignored, devalued, or merely not taken into consideration by a parent and regularly lead to depressive disorders....
Introduction Adolescence is a complex period during which a number of physical and psychological changes are observed in humans. Primary and secondary sex characteristics in females include the development of the uterus, vagina, and ovaries, menstruation, breast growth, and skin changes (Zastrow et al., 2019). However, the biological and psychological...
Anxiety is an often healthy response to potential danger and uncertainty. However, constant worry and apprehension are possible signs of a generalized anxiety disorder. This condition affects a substantial amount of people, with women being twice as likely to develop the disorder. There have been studies that hypothesize that generalized...
Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) belongs to the number of diagnostic categories recognized in the recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. As a disorder causing hyperactivity and reduced self-control, ADHD can be misunderstood as the manifestation of laziness or a weak will. This essay explores the...
Introduction Depression is one of the most prevalent health problems that college students have to contend with. It is incapacitating, and if untreated, it can have serious psychological, emotional, and physical consequences. Moreover, it has a negative influence on interpersonal functioning and academic performance. The prevalence of depression among college...
The Description of the Client and Proposed Treatment/Social Services Delivery Plan The elderly client (BT) was referred to Vatsalya Adult Medical Daycare Center for counselling and management of emotional and mental effects of a stroke. BT is a 72-year-old male client who lives with his wife and daughter who moved...
Workplace stress is skyrocketing and it leads to significant losses and additional costs for enterprises. Most often, stress is caused by excessive workload, too long working hours, and a lack of adequate rest, namely, the dissonance between the demands and the employees’ inner resources (Daft and Marcic 425). Relationships in...
Modern medicine eradicated many diseases that once posed a significant threat to humanity, but a new and relatively invisible issue, which came to be nowadays is stress. Contemporary research demonstrates that psychological and behavioral factors contribute to illness and death in a complex and underresearched way. The modern lifestyle can...
Stress can be defined as any type of change in the human bodies that can cause physiological, emotional, and physical strain. There are two significant types of stress; chronic and acute stress. Chronic stress refers to the unceasing and continued perception of anxiety that can alter one’s health if it...
Calm is not just a character trait; it is a skill that can be learned. A person consciously decides at what moment they need to calm down a little, distract themselves from the eternal rush, and when to pay attention to what is happening to him at the moment. Thanks...
Introduction Being Your Best Self decision-making process is an essential element for all people who live in modern societies and want to be treated fairly and equally. Becoming a person who aspires to be their best self can be difficult since it implies rejecting certain habits which previously negatively affected...
A person often does not perceive their appearance and personality as a whole. People do not notice the relationship between their body and character because they do not focus on it. This article talks about how a person’s appearance affects their worldview, political views, and character. Some theories explain the...
Critical thinking is the intellectual process of skillfully and actively conceptualizing, analyzing, applying, and synthesizing information gathered, generated, or experienced to guide action. Critical thinking is a systematic process that involves interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, explanation, and self-regulation (Rathus, 2020). The performance requires one to ask questions to clarify the...
The Big Five is a set of core characteristics of personality, which are highly useful in assessing one’s essential drivers of behavioral patterns. It is important to note that it is comprised of five components, such as openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. One might argue that although all core...
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who has been praised for his co-founding positive psychology, was among the first people to identify and study the practice and art of flow. It is represented by the best level of performance that is accessible to people, with work and creativity ‘flowing out’ of them without much...
Stress refers to the demand that an organism faces to cope with particular changes. Rathus (2020) states that stress is both healthful and fundamental to keep people alert and engaged, but extreme conditions lead to mood swings, apart from impairing the body’s wellbeing. Personal habits, stress, and health interact in...
