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Abstract Various theorists make suggestions how people change and develop, physically and emotionally during their lives. At the same time, many distinguish the features and influence of the adolescence period. The theory of the stages of psychological development proposed by the psychologist Erikson notes that adolescents form their identity, determining...
Magic has always captured the minds and hearts of people around the world, regardless of preference. Many still prefer to attend performances where magicians would show the world what they do best, namely magic tricks. This craving for magic tricks can easily be explained by the fact that people are...
I have spent my entire life with a dog beside me; it soothed me and encouraged me when I was emotionally down. “If you do not possess at least one dog, there may not be anything fundamentally faulty, but there may be something profoundly incorrect with your life.” The fur...
Previously, there lived a lady with a walking disability in Minnesota. One of the key requirements this lady had was an animal, such as a miniature horse, that would aid her in walking and other personal needs. Despite having this service animal, this lady suffered from poor mental health due...
Barbara Smuts, a professor of psychology, introduced her experience of communicating with animals in her article under the title “Encounters with Animal Minds,” published in 2001. The article provides an overview of the author’s direct relationships with baboons in their natural habitat and with her dog. The author argues that...
Introduction Man as a product of nature and society is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. A person lives and acts by doing certain things. The single concept of behavior unites his activity and communication with other people. His basic socio-psychological properties are manifested in a person’s behavior, actions, and deeds....
The developmental stages of the human is complicated question. Many factors, such as genetic and social, affect the person’s developmental stages. When studying human or non-human development, its individual and age characteristics in anatomy, researchers are guided by a scientifically developed concept called age periodization. Personal development, or ontogenesis, occurs...
Introduction The problem of the occurrence of stress attracts the attention of many specialists. Stressful events are widespread in educational settings for both students and teachers. Lots of exams, assessments, and deadlines create a lot of pressure to complete. Stress can critically impact memory, thus, the learning process. The level...
Introduction It is important to note that human behavior in both its individual as well as collective forms can be understood and studied in a number of ways. However, unlike the mere observational and interpretive assessments, Geertz’s thick description focuses on the context, driving forces, and intentions through an in-depth...
Viktor Frankl’s Man’s Search of Meaning tells us from the very first pages that it is not like other works about concentration camps. Unlike similar literature, this book has several huge differences because it is not about the horrors of war, but about the other side, about that and those...
Fortunately, not many people I know had to deal with abusive partners. However, one of my close friends went through several years of a relationship with rather obvious psychological abuse. She split up with her partner several months ago, but they are staying in touch. It is rather strange and...
Behaviorism and cognitive psychology are two psychological perspectives used to explain human behavior. The underlying assumption of behaviorism is that individuals perceive reality by connecting circumstances to their outcomes and people’s individual behavioral patterns are a choice of the best consequential option. (King, 2019). Cognitive psychology assumes that people are...
Introduction Children progress from parental dependency to rising independence throughout their growth and development. My Virtual Child is a comprehensive examination of child development from birth through adolescence. This assignment exposed me to several scenarios related to the various theories of development and issues discussed in class. I will be...
The most surprising thing for me was learning that infertility can be devastating for a person. However, as it turned out, among the most common consequences of this reproductive system disease are stress, depression, anxiety, and a decrease in self-esteem (Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Women’s Mental Health, 2021). The...
Human Motivation Problem Prevalence and Causes The problem that affects human motivation and performance chosen for this assessment is poor sleep. Poor sleep has become a ubiquitous issue in modern high-paced society, affecting all groups of people worldwide. It may be caused by diverse physiological and social factors, including illnesses,...
Psychoanalytic Aspect of Personality From the standpoint of psychoanalysis, a number of events from Maya Angelou’s childhood had a significant impact on the future writer. One of them was the divorce of her parents at the age of three, which she described in her book (Angelou, 2002). In addition, she...
Language acquisition is one of the most visible and important achievements in early childhood. Within a few months and with no explicit instruction, babies progress from the stage of uncertain pronunciation of individual words to the fluent expression of whole sentences. Generally, children tend to develop receptive language abilities before...
Introduction The central paper’s theory states that a person’s life circumstances directly influence his behavior patterns. Various kinds of trauma can provoke such social phenomena as a violation of the social reality’s understanding and the decent ability to contact people. In addition, traumatic living conditions can affect the physiological characteristics...
The field of child development offers a variety of careers for people interested in working with children and their families. This field is highly multidimensional, and different jobs may require people to work with children directly or with family, school, peer, cultural, and neighborhood contexts related to children. In this...
Culture, race, and ethnicity tend to change how the children adapt to educational processes. For example, many children from families where English is not the first language have learning difficulties during reading lessons that can influence future academic success by targeting students’ motivation. Equally important, the social adaptation of parents...
There are many concerns participants in human subjects studies express. The most frequent of them are information risks, particularly the loss of confidentiality of personal information. The second one is an emotional risk, such as stress, anxiety, fear, confusion, guilt, shame, embarrassment, loss of self-esteem, or triggers of past traumatizing...
Introduction For the construction of the play area, it is proposed to use a single room separated into sections. The area will be equipped with various types of furniture and toys that facilitate child development, growth and recovery. Furniture will consist of cabinets, at least two tables, chairs, and soft...
Introduction Despite the intention to create a positive environment for children’s growth, people cannot ignore certain challenges. Bullying is one of such problems characterized by undesirable and aggressive behavior when injury or discomfort is continually and deliberately provoked. People face different bullying situations: physical (hitting or tripping), verbal (teasing or...
Introduction Preschoolers are characterized by thinking to identify contrasts, extremes, and stereotypes about gender and are born already at the age of 3. It is quite logical that many girls will choose their friends among other girls and vice versa since they are “similar” (King et al., 2020). Children grow...
Introduction Freudianism is a general designation of various schools that arose on the basis of the psychological teaching of Sigmund Freud. Freudianism is characterized by the explanation of mental phenomena, including child development, through the unconscious. The core of his theory of child development is the idea of the eternal...
There are a lot of different opinions on the matter of the productivity of group work. Some people believe that it is inefficient and that working alone is more liberating, while others claim that collective efforts lead to the better quality of work. In order to grasp a better understanding...
Epistemology is a part of psychology that deals with nature, opportunities, and restrictions of understanding. A more precise statement of epistemology would be the process of evaluating awareness levels and distinguishing opinions from accepted beliefs, as illustrated by the numerous models and approaches (Guyon et al., 2018). There are three...
A person’s or an animal’s behavior is predominantly regulated by underlying motivations and emotions. In this respect, the biological approach to explaining the link between the action and affective state(s) that caused it is based on the argument of homeostasis drive (Montgomery, 2018). In this view, all living organisms seek...
Several positive aspects can be highlighted in the Personality Inventory (PI) by H. J. Eysenck. Firstly, the researcher pays tribute to his predecessor K. Jung and brings the physiological bases under the psychological types. Secondly, all psychological manifestations, normal and pathological, are considered continuums of values and not as extreme...
I tend to believe that I remain the same person I was ten years ago. Even though the atoms of my body are completely renewed, this process is natural and does not affect my ability to perceive. Being an ordinary person, I can change my point of view on specific...
Professional ethics in psychology insists that a doctor or psychologist is limited to sharing information with a third party shared by the client or patient. Nonetheless, reforms in the medical sector through court rulings have enabled mental health practitioners to share life-threatening information with third-party individuals. The famous case of...
The concept of codependency is one of the recurring themes in the discussions of childhood struggles, caused by alcoholic and narcissistic parents. This term is generally defined as one’s preoccupation with others’ problems as opposed to personal affairs (O’Brien and Gaborit 1992). Despite the apparent connection between the specified conditions...
Introduction It is hard to disagree that most parents do not want to allow their children to play computer games, especially if they incorporate many elements of violence. Shooting and fighting animation attract many kids and teenagers, which makes it necessary for psychologists to explore the effects of such video...
Introduction The interaction between play as a unique phenomenon and culture remains a controversial issue in the interdisciplinary sciences. For decades, the social, cultural, and psychological experiences of play have been explored and several theoretical foundations developed. One of the most popular frameworks for linking play to culture is the...
An individual working as a psychologist should adhere to the ethical principles of psychologists and comply with the code of conduct. The first two ethical principles are Beneficence and Nonmaleficence and Fidelity and Responsibility (American Psychological Association, 2017). The first principle implies that a psychologist has to take care of...
Introduction I will be presenting how my social psychology understanding affects the presentation to be watched by others. I will as well be discussing how the knowledge from this field will influence my public speaking in the future. Similarly, I will be tackling how skills gained from social psychology will...
Introduction Structural family therapy (SFT) is a psychotherapy technique that evaluates the hierarchies, subsystems, alliances, and boundaries within a family unit while focusing on direct interactions among family members to build a positive change. SFT is founded on the belief that families with problems can discover their own solutions to...
Introduction There are many reasons why teenagers become depressed. The most trivial are lack of attention, lack of friends, or love problems. All of these, in one way or another, traumatize the child’s psyche and prevent him or her from feeling like a full member of society. A large number...
The biopsychosocial model is frequently used in counseling to better understand the patient and the external factors that are involved in his life and health condition. Such an approach is based on the premise that the sociological, psychological, and physiological aspects of one’s health are interconnected, and analysis of all...
The debate on the role of psychology includes diagnosing and treating illness and preventing illness via promoting health. It is crucial to take a position in the discussion to demonstrate what is a priority in psychology, choosing a treatment or disorder prevention via well-being fostering. The essay will offer a...
The task of educating children is critical for their future well-being, and its complexity in terms of psychology does not allow for neglecting individual characteristics. However, this problem seems common for many institutions since teachers do not have either time or resources to approach each student’s needs on a case-by-case...
Introduction From the perspective of mental health treatment, Native Americans’ and other clients’ expectations and needs might differ drastically, including the need for culture-specific rituals to promote energy healing. Mainstream and minority cultures are also dissimilar in their concepts of self-disclosure, self-discipline, sources of wisdom, and the importance of family...
Introduction In modern times, access to the Internet has become quite simple and easy, and every child who has a phone or computer can spend hours in front of the screen. The use of the Internet by children has its advantages and disadvantages, which have a significant impact on the...
From the point of view of counseling, professionalism can be defined as the process of setting adequate ethical and specialized boundaries in order to exercise intentionality and self-awareness. Any given counselor should possess professionalism in order to be able to remain competent and focused on performance. Therefore, professionalism can be...
Self-disclosure is crucial in any successful counseling session as it creates a connection between the counselor and the client. Self-disclosure can be deliberate, client-initiated, unavoidable, or accidental. All types work to make the counselor relatable, allowing clients to go into more detail about their problems. While essential to good practice,...
The existential approach to therapy aims to help the client resolve an inner conflict and reduce anxiety through meaning-making, responsibility, and self-determination. It is based on the principles of humanism, individual freedom, and potential for growth (Diamond, 2021). In the case of Gwen, there are several existential questions she faces...
It is impossible to answer the question ‘Who am I?’ because everyone spends their whole life trying to answer who they are only at the end of their life’s journey. All people, without exception, are searching for what seems to be with them from birth, themselves. However, this is just...
Parents often harm their children with their open hands as a disciplinary tactic. However, it creates more harm than good. Several parents chose disciplinary approaches simply because they were raised without considering their effects. According to an article by O’Donnell, spanking is humiliating, inflicts physical damage, and causes resentment and...
Child abuse and neglect are cases when an underaged individual’s physical or emotional needs are overlooked and three out of eight children in the United States are affected by this problem. Such actions cause significant harm to the individual’s mental and even physical well-being. Moreover, some cases of child abuse...
The article written by Murray (2018) dwells on the phenomenon of toxic stress and its potential impact on child refugees in terms of physical and mental health. Murray (2018) defined the concept of toxic stress as consistent exposure to adverse events where there was no supportive caretaker to mediate the...
The factors that are the most likely to guarantee psychologically and physically healthy aging are generally identified as absence of serious chronic illnesses and disabilities, as well as proper physical and mental capacities. According to the socio-emotional selectivity theory, the older generation tends to experience high levels of wellbeing, and...
I disagree with the statement that individuals who have been contemplating suicide never tell anyone about their thoughts. This suggestion is too categorical and can be disproved by both my personal experience and scholarly resources. While it is true that some people with suicidal thoughts do not disclose them, there...
Introduction Person-centered therapy is based on the ideas of a humanistic approach to psychology. Its purpose is to facilitate change and growth by helping the client realize and fulfill their potential. According to Gladding (2021), “the validity of the person-centered approach to counseling may seem obvious in the 21st century,...
Both classical and operant conditioning can be used together in human-animal interaction. These types of conditioning are the basis for the formation of preferred behavior in animals, which they show more often when repeated (Martina et al., 2020). In training, these concepts can be used as the basis for the...
Effective counseling depends on the effectiveness of data collection and the client’s evaluation. For this reason, psychologists might use various types of assessment. Forensic assessment can be defined as the application of theory and psychological evaluation and measurement in a legal context (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2018, p. 469). For example,...
Behaviorism is a psychological approach to analyzing the demeanor of animals or humans. Although this science appeared around the beginning of the 20th century with the works of John Watson, there are several antecedent influences on behaviorism. Edward Thorndike developed the theory of connectionism to explain mental phenomena. The scientist...
The ability to express oneself and reject others allows one to create a healthy relationship. However, in an attempt to define personal boundaries, some individuals turn to aggression, which discourages and undermines trust. The opposite model of aggressive behavior is assertive, enabling acting on beliefs and desires and building effective...
Reality therapy is a counseling method that emphasizes the individual’s ability to make choices and improve the present aspects of their life. In the case of Gwen, the therapist applies several interventions to help the client evaluate her current behavior. For instance, during one of the sessions, the counselor asks...
The science of human development aims to understand and explain human changes over time. The goals of developmental psychology are to describe, explain, and optimize the stage of development. Therefore, human beings have a set of developmental stages that must be attained at some point in their lives. Over the...
The article includes many ideas that address most of the problematic points when interacting with adolescents. This collection of strategies allows professionals to prepare for most situations during consultations. It also contains several key ideas that should be considered central thoughts necessary for achieving success. First of all, it must...
Human rights are universal measures that help in ensuring humanity across the world. All the countries in the world have adopted constitutions that ensure the protection of their citizens from all factors that are against human rights. However, human behavior is a major element that has greatly contributed to various...
The current study tests the hypothesis that children experiencing maltreatment in any form are more likely to have an anxiety disorder. Studying this correlation is essential for strengthening the practices of countering maltreatment and preventing anxiety, which pose a significant threat to the child’s well-being, in particular their physical and...
Introduction Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is based on the action-oriented approach to counseling. Its purpose is to identify self-defeating negative thoughts, determine irrational feelings and beliefs, and help the client address their behavioral and emotional issues. According to Gladding (2021), Albert Ellis founded his theory of REBT in 1955,...
Formal and post-formal operational stages are phases in cognitive development. The formal operational stage is the last cognitive stage proposed by Piaget in his theory of development. This stage is mainly characterized by abstract thinking and the use of logic (Miller, 2018). On the other hand, post-operational thinking is an...
The ability to think, learn from experience, solve issues, and adjust to new circumstances is known as intelligence. Galton argued that intellect was a function of sensory sharpness, and people exhibiting high degrees of sensory intolerance are intelligent in his hereditary view. He believed that society should encourage the nurturing...
Counseling practice always seeks to provide clients with assistance and help, and one of the main directions in the field of psychology is family therapy. There are many approaches to family psychotherapy, and family systems analysis is among the most popular ones. Family systems analysis, by relying on a view...
Introduction Creativity is one concept that is difficult to evaluate, measure, and nurture in a person. Creative abilities depend on many internal and external factors, such as predisposition and external social environment. Dean Keith Simonton is the author of the Creativity chapter in the Noba textbook series on psychology. He...
Rogers’ self-actualization theory is primarily concerned with determining the conditions under which a person might fully realize their potential. The whole idea is founded on a sole life force that he refers to as the actualizing tendency. He defined realizing propensity as the integral inspiration that each human being has...
The concept of reconciliation has moved from the theological realm to social and political life, explaining the principles of building a democratic society based on past experience. The essay will try to prove that reviewing past experiences, including traumatic aspects of them, is the basis for reconciliation. For the development...
Introduction Tom played with other kids in games that involved throwing a ball. The child showed different kinds of behavior during the process and engaged in various activities. Initially, Tom was afraid to approach playing kids, but his parents helped him. He was involved in competitive team games, one of...
Accommodation and assimilation are the key terms, including in the theory of cognitive development, elaborated by Jean Piaget, to reflect the patterns of human progress. The former concept is critical for describing the way people learn by interacting with the world, and it means the process of forming frameworks based...
Infancy Infants develop certain behaviors before they are born. This concept is described as reflex. Reflex is an inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation (Chapter 3, page 81). Reflexes are the most organized pattern of behavior displayed by newborn babies. As a baby, I would fall asleep...
Introduction The field of psychology correlates with the conscious and unconscious behaviour dictated by feelings, emotions, experiences, and thoughts. This is why the domain is so broad and can be applied in multiple different areas of life, starting with business and following with socio-economic factors. However, it is certain that...
The selected comedy bit is presented by Sara Pascoe, and it is informative for the purpose of analyzing it while relying on the psychoanalytical lens. According to this critical approach to examining various phenomena, ” unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories” are prioritized for making conclusions (McLeod). In the case...
Introduction The Definitive Book of Body Language proved that I do not enjoy studying psychology and sociology for nothing. Chapter 9 was full of fantastic allegories and read in the same breath, which is quite a rare thing for psychological books, where it is needed to analyze everything. It taught...
The post hoc ergo propter hoc defines attempts to establish cause-and-effect relationships where they do not exist, but there is a simple sequence of events unrelated to each other. This method was used, for example, in superstitions of ancient times, when the passage of a comet or a solar eclipse...
There are many interesting paradoxes and stereotypes about how we think, make decisions, beliefs, etc. Thus, two interesting aspects of our thinking are group thinking and Abilene Paradox. They have a similar principle of work; both aspects are related to our reflection in the context of a group of people...
Introduction Data related to student delinquency rates indicate that an increase in delinquency is not associated with improving behavior. Deviant behavior continues to occur in students regardless of whether they are suspended. Suspensions have been on the rise over the past 20 years, and only in some individual districts have...
Introduction Behaviorism is one of the most popular psychological perspectives of all time. John Watson is considered to be the founder of the behaviorist movement, as he was the first one to narrow down the field of psychology research. According to Sommers-Flanagan and Sommers-Flanagan (2018), Watson believed that introspection was...
Representatives of various personality types enter the labor market and occupy various positions according to their preferences. For example, an extroverted ethicist who loves those with whom he works side by side will prefer to keep his current position rather than go for a promotion solely because of money. Personal...
The idea of Biblical ​​forgiveness runs like a red line through the entire text of Desmond Tutu. Around the commandment of it, he builds his whole position as a human rights activist. Forgiveness is served through selfishness: “To forgive is indeed the best form of self-interest” (Tutu 191). This concept...
Introduction The identified research concern is a practical mechanism to enhance the quality of life of people in the aging stages of life. It involves a detailed investigation of diverse techniques to improve their mental and physical condition. The central aim of this study is to demonstrate the theoretical bases...
The Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence (ABC) model is a framework used in cognitive behavioral therapy to identify, evaluate, and change problematic behaviors. In the case of Gwen, the therapist used this approach in one of the sessions, helping the client explore her problem and find ways to reduce distress while increasing...
Self-actualization is a mental health diagnosis that involves individuals’ perspectives in defining their behavior and personality traits. According to Maslow’s theory, the theory of self-actualization focuses on an individual’s ability to achieve their maximum potential. Psychologists in the 20th century used the self-actualization approach in developing and implementing mental health...
Introduction The selected celebrity for this analysis is the award-winning African American celebrity by the name of Willard Carroll Smith. This individual has been trending on Twitter, mass media, and other social media outlets following his move to slap Chris Rock during a ceremony organized by the Oscars Academy. The...
Carl Rogers Carl Rogers is the founder and promoter of a client-centered therapy, which, based on the name, focuses on the patient. According to the author, this style implies customized specialists for each patient to ensure the highest level of comfort and satisfaction (Folmo, n.d.). Moreover, in this case, the...
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are the key processes to understanding human behavior, and it is important to present examples for both of them. Classical conditioning refers to the process of learning by association which occurs involuntarily, and it is present in the everyday activities of people. For instance, when...
Introduction Depression is a mental disorder that affects how one feels, thinks, and acts. Despite being a treatable mental problem, many people consider it a usual mental problem, but the outcome is usually unattractive. It is associated with various health and social issues, which affects the ability to function normally....
The actual problem of a modern working person is a hard-working, excessive professional loads, nervous strain. As a result – professional and emotional burnout, chronic depression, fatigue, apathy, indifference to life. Technological advances in the work environment have dynamically changed the tools with which work is done and the methods...
The eighth and last stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development theory is ego-integrity vs. despair. According to Erikson, this stage is characterized by a retrospective examination of an individual’s life choices and accomplishments. Consequently, an individual may embrace the life they have lived as worthwhile, leading to ego-integrity. On the other...
In modern psychology, the problem of cross-cultural interactions within the framework of psychological counseling and psychotherapy is one of the most popular. Gundel et al. (2020) state that “attention to cultural factors in counseling is critical, and theories have emerged in counseling and psychology to describe competence for working with...
Introduction Many theories explain people’s behaviors and habits in different situations. Although distinct, these theories overlap in some areas but contradict many others. Although they pose their limitations, most of these practical theories can be used in clinical sessions. Understanding the theories and their groups and when to place a...
Middle age is the central time in the life of a human being. It is the span between early adulthood and late adulthood. In the United States, middle age is perceived to be the life between 40-65 years (Lumen Learning, n.d). This age is the most stressful time for most...
Psychology is an exciting subject that elaborates on how the human mind can be understood as well as the overall behavior. Based on the course, there are several methods that can be used to assess and determine the conduct of an individual. Among the approaches learned in the course, the...
Introduction As the title of the memoir, “The Lives of a Flaneur” by Aleksandar Hemon suggests, the author has carried on with many lives where in his essays of recollections, Hemon is expressing the struggles of shifting knowledge and feeling of home with displacement that he had to experience as...
Objectives The primary objective of the research was to develop a theory regarding the importance of peer relationships among the oldest and youngest children. The question the scholars ask in the title is whether birth order is important in peer relationships. Therefore, the objective is met by applying the key...
Classical conditioning is a learning process where one is automatically responding by associating between unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and neutral stimulus (NS). The NS is presented before a naturally occurring reflex, making one learn to associate events with certain stimuli. In Pavlov’s experiment, a dog would salivate after tasting food. When...
Being an Early Childhood Educator is a very responsible job that necessitates the integration of multiple skills and a well-grounded worldview philosophy that helps children pave their path in life. In my opinion, children’s education is a cornerstone of their outlook on life that predetermines their opportunities for the future....
Group counseling is known for its effective intervention in all areas, especially in medical and therapeutic areas. There are many strategies for group work, but the essential aspect is the development of exercises. It is formulated by collective participation and team spirit development. Thus, it is important to analyze step-by-step...
Introduction Observation is a critical component of understanding and objectively conducting a child’s development assessment. Such an approach is essential to collect the necessary data and determine whether there are developmental abnormalities or healthy growth. However, observation cannot be properly conducted without precise and accurate documentation, from which valuable and...
Abnormal Psychology and Life: A Dimensional Approach, written by Kearney and Trull (2018), is dedicated to abnormal psychology and its practical application in everyday settings. The authors define abnormal psychology as “the scientific study of problematic feelings, thoughts, and behaviors associated with mental disorders” (Kearney & Trull, 2018, p. 2)....
Introduction to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder, commonly referred to as PTSD, is a psychological condition relating to a person’s mental well-being primarily caused by a previous disturbing experience. Common predisposing factors of this disorder include but are not limited to extreme tension, rapid shifts between moods, hypersensitivity, and...
