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The Coronavirus Pandemic has shifted individuals’ lifestyles due to mandatory lockdowns and increased isolation, resulting in more engagement with technology. Similarly, initiatives towards eradicating the virus have overshadowed critical issues such as the negative impact of using smart devices for extended periods. However, Kliesener et al. (2022) investigated the prevalence...
The research of mindfulness-based interventions has been exhibited in the popular literature both from the quantitative and qualitative perspectives. The analysis includes peer-reviewed articles published within the last ten years to satisfy the relevance criteria.. According to the reviewed literature. A large body of empirical data backs the efficacy of...
Cognitive function testing depends on multiple factors, which involve an ability to understand the language in patients and doctors and the cultural background. Many testing tools are translated into other languages except for English. For instance, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) can...
Across the fields of healthcare and counselling, the adherence to ethical and legal standards allows for consistency in care quality and patient safety assurance. Informed consent is the process of a professional’s explanation of the information about provided care, its expected benefits, and potential risks to the client with an...
Culture is a magnificent interplay of non-tangible phenomena and perceptible artifacts of daily life. People experience the impact of various cultures constantly with or without recognizing it. According to Ozer and Schwartz, individuals react differently to the process of cultural globalization: some might endorse it and feel self-fulfillment, and others...
Sexual violence in the modern world is still widespread and is used even against children. Such a traumatic experience inevitably leads to a negative impact on the psyche and the development of mental disorders. This situation is especially relevant for children who have been subjected to sexual violence since their...
Introduction Body language constitutes an integral part of effective communication and conveys valuable insights on the attitudes and emotional states of an individual. It encompasses all the nonverbal cues performed consciously or unconsciously by a speaker or a recipient of a message. Many researchers and studies have illustrated how these...
Introduction In general, observational, or field, study may be regarded as a specific technique of social research that presupposes a particular phenomenon’s direct observation in natural settings. It is characterized by the absence of a quasi-artificial environment traditionally created for experimental research to control factors and manipulate variables. Thus, the...
Introduction Mediumship has positive effects on the overall mental and emotional health of people. In the past, scientists researched mediumship from a negative pathological perspective. However, recent studies and some of them included in this paper investigated the positive impacts of mediumship. As mediums communicate with the dead, they experience...
Mental health professionals take great satisfaction in their work as public servants, assisting people we serve so that they can contribute to society. American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (2015) argues that marriage and family therapists are distinguished by an ongoing devotion to professional and ethical excellence. In addition,...
Both readings greatly benefit future practice as they focus on critical points. Schulman (2016) reveals the secrets of family sessions, the role of previous experiences, and their impact on later life. He stresses that a crucial factor in the transition to the mid-practice phase is the ability to help deal...
Introduction Through the years of clinical practice, group psychotherapy proved to be a practical intervention tool for various chronic and psychiatric disorders, including acute cases. Group therapy could benefit individuals and improve their progress in other significant areas besides therapy, such as building social skills and reducing the frequency of...
The first job that involves individual or family therapy is a hospital social worker. In Georgia, a hospital social worker is typically paid from $49,000 to $70,000 per year. To qualify for this job, a candidate should, first of all, have comprehensive knowledge of diagnostics criteria, as well as the...
Businesses, sciences, and arts benefit from creative persons who bring new solutions to problems. Creativity is not one’s inherent quality but a product of the environment, expertise, motivation, imaginative thinking, and desire to seek new experiences (Myers & DeWall, 2020). Business ventures are often risky and require out-of-the-box solutions to...
The paper is able to identify defining attributes by their unique presence in certain concepts as opposed to others. In the case of psychological distress, the author is able to distinguish five attributes, including a perceived inability to cope, change in emotional status, discomfort, communication of said discomfort, and harm...
Introduction The COVID-19 epidemic resulted in chronic psychosocial stressors. As a result, studies have discovered a significant motivation in quantifying social and community unease to provide psychological assistance to people. This greater awareness may aid in managing the present situation and future diseases and outbreaks (Saladino et al., 2020). The...
The mechanism of how dreams occur has been one of the mysteries that science has failed to solve. Dreams can be classified as positive or as nightmares, including scary and terrible visions. Having nightmares has been considered to be normal in both adults and children. However, regular nightmares can develop...
Introduction The topics of problem-solving, creativity, decision-making, reasoning and intelligence are closely related, to the point of overlapping. For instance, scholars still face difficulties in unanimously defining the constructs of creativity and intelligence (Jaarsveld & Lachmann, 2017). Smith et al. (2009) defined creativity as “anything novel with a potential of...
Mr. and Mrs. Richardson went to a therapist seeking help with Charles, their 15-year-old son, and Felicia, a 12-year-old honor student, and both had taken part in athletics. Complaints got to the social worker about Charles Jr, commonly known by the family as Chuck. He was involved in immoral behavior,...
Traditional research approaches, such as randomized controlled trials, are effective tools for assessing intervention success. However, when applied to a variety of rehabilitation settings and research issues, these approaches have practical constraints. Alternative methodologies exist that can enhance standard study findings and increase our capacity to assess the efficacy of...
Chapter 9 Summary Thinking The main focus of chapter nine is human cognition and how it is applied during problem-solving and decision-making. Cognition includes the various mental activities associated with thinking, memory, and communication (Myers & DeWall, 2021). Problem-solving is generally achieved through algorithms, systematic trial and error, and flashes...
Introduction The profession of a marriage and family therapist can hardly be called an undemanding one. In addition to being certain of their moralities and sterling principles, one also has to follow seemingly cumbersome sets of rules that obtaining a licensure in this field requires. Moreover, these sets of rules...
To conduct an effective survey in which bias and sampling error is minimized, several considerations have to be taken into account. First, experimenters have to “mechanize procedures as much as possible” to reduce experimenter bias (Goodwin & Goodwin, 2016, p. 178). In addition, there are risks and sampling errors that...
General description The foundation of the book is about successful change occurring when people change their behavior. An individual’s behavior is underpinned by three factors: environment, emotions, logic, and rationality (Heath & Heath, 2010). The author describes the three factors of a person as the Path, the Elephant, and the...
Human Capability Development Program is in demand in modern times, which are characterized by multitasking and enormous flows of information. Every individual needs to have specific skills and a desire for self-improvement in order to remain a competent and flexible professional. This program is designed just for the permanent development...
The First Account I have decided to volunteer in a social psychology experiment, and now there is a person being restrained to a chair in front of me. I have been told to use the electric shocks to investigate how this person learns, but I am wary, as I will...
Communication is a very complex and sensitive topic for analysis, as it has many nuances and unique features. Cutting people off-topic can be a susceptible aspect of the discussion. However, even in such a topic, people can find some positive aspects. Henceforth, I believe that in cases when the conversation...
Narrative Therapy In its broadest sense, narrative therapy is a conversation in which people tell the therapist various stories of their lives. For narrative therapists, “a story” means some events tied in certain sequences at certain time intervals, and thus brought into a state of a plot endowed with meaning....
The term prosocial behavior refers to the positive social actions: helping others, the ability to share something, altruism, empathy, care, etc. Self-regulation denotes the direction of the action on the one who produces it. People regulate their mental state, and thus they will have the ability to empathize, the desire...
With an ever-expanding selection of gadgets, screen time has been increasingly incorporated into parenting routines; however, there may be unintended yet dangerous consequences for children’s health. Saunders and Vallance (2017, 323) state that children’s screen exposure begins from a very young age, with roughly half of the children and youth...
Cognitive development begins at the infant age, where knowledge is acquired through sensory experiences and object manipulation. Aptitude covers all aspects of cognitive development, including personality, interests, literacy, and skill aspects used in schools to help students define the most suitable career paths. By helping students identify their strengths and...
Behavior that Will Be Addressed This Single-Subject Design is assigned for participants with specific social difficulties. The statistics demonstrate that “17.5% of pupils in schools in English are identified as having a primary need of support” since they suffer from social or emotional challenges (Cosma & Soni, 2019, p. 1)....
Self-esteem is regarded as one of the most important factors that govern a person’s identity and interaction with the world. It is generally defined as the tendency to evaluate oneself in either a positive or negative way and is associated with other diverse concepts such as individuality, worth, confidence, respect,...
Introduction I am writing this letter to raise awareness concerning an urgent issue in the UK justice system. Namely, the issue of false confessions needs to be managed immediately. Although incriminating oneself is a rather unnatural choice to make, false confessions are far more common than one might think. Complicating...
Introduction When it comes to social psychology, Charles Holton Cooley is one of the founding representatives of the field. Being an American social psychologist, sociologist, and educator, he finds that personality emerges under social factors, and individuals and groups are complementary aspects of human society. Having devoted his entire life...
Attractiveness is an individual trait that affects society’s perception of a person. The Franklin and Zebrowitz chapter explores how different theories of attractiveness combine in a society. They examine the halo effect-the benefits of conventionally attractive appearance, which Eagly, Ashmore, Makhijani, & Longo have also studied. The authors emphasize that...
Effect of Bias on Mental Health The main idea that the author passes is how biasness affects people’s thinking about mental health. Biasness toward mental health can contribute to the misinterpretation of emotional expressions. The radio dramas in 1940 used as an instructional aid were chosen for two substantive reasons....
Cognitive and behavioral changes are common among adolescents and scientists have conducted numerous studies to understand the neurological changes that make them act the way they do (Odgers & Jensen, 2020). Research conducted in the early 21st century indicates that the first three years of development were instrumental in the...
Methodological Behaviorism Methodological behaviorism is the feature that identifies psychology as the science to explore activities of humans and animals with the exclusion of the mental aspect. According to it, beliefs and desires do not influence behavior and should not be considered while explaining the cognitive aspects of being. Methodological...
A situation can influence an individual’s behavior, feelings, or thoughts. Although people’s behaviors are determined mainly by their beliefs, religion, and culture, an individual’s situation may make them not behave as expected (Spielman et al., 2020). For instance, if a person is jailed for five years, they are likely to...
The importance of childhood development is undeniable: it acts as a foundation for adult life. Erik Erikson believed that personality develops in a fixed order via eight phases of psychosocial development (Cherry, 2021). An individual goes through a psychological crisis at each level, which can have a beneficial or harmful...
Academician Piaget deduced several age levels of development of children. Each of them corresponds to certain abilities and development possibilities. At the same time, the book Fresh Princess by Denene Miller is a representation of literature for one of the age categories. The book was created in an easy-to-understand and...
Introduction Today, much information about improving child development exists, but most discussions focus on the differences between nature and nurture. Childhood is a critical period because many biological, emotional, and psychological changes occur, affecting human abilities and skills. There are theories to support and oppose both positions in the nature-nurture...
Religion and psychology, in general, have similar features in terms of what goals they have in relation to human life. Religion, in particular, is a source of meaning for many people and also gives them a sense of security. At the same time, psychology pursues the same goal but uses...
Building a family is a responsible and essential matter for every person in the context of procreation and well-being. This event is associated with many aspects that the newlyweds and, in the future, young parents should take into account and cope with. The birth of a child imposes specific new...
Introduction The role of cognition of the surrounding world in human behavior cannot be overestimated. All people, no matter what closed environment they were brought up in, encounter other people, and get to know the world around them, and all this affects their upbringing and behavior. Cognition of the world...
Children who first come to primary school to learn reading, writing, and simple Math, do not usually have the background knowledge or skills to acquire this information quickly; thus, a careful and empathetic approach is required. Methods of finding appropriate ways to interact with school children were formulated by educational...
John Gottman has devoted most of his works to studying family relationships’ stability. He describes the essential criteria of an apocalypse in relationships that bring a married couple close to divorce. These are criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling. The psychologist believes that these phenomena have to be detected in relationships...
Adolescence is one of the most significant ages in people’s life. It is called the transitional age because during this period the transition from childhood to adulthood and from immaturity to maturity takes place. This period is characterized by the desire for self-expression, self-affirmation, demonstration of independence, decreased motivation and...
Personal Understanding of The Book Before Reading It From the book title, the mind is depicted as limitless in that it can take in vast information. The brain is thought to be an adaptable muscle that, when something is learned, increases its capacity to accommodate new information. This is due...
Memory plays a pivotal role in people’s lives at multiple levels, including routine, professional activity, socialization, learning, decision-making, communication, and others. Indeed, independent living might be particularly hindered or even impossible if one’s memory is impaired or dysfunctional. According to Baddeley et al. (2015), memory is an essential element of...
Introduction The list of qualities that I want my colleagues to remember about me has changed significantly compared to the first version. In particular, three new ones appeared, which replaced the previous positions. The quality ‘respectful’ has slightly declined in priority by one point, and adventurous remained in the same...
With the increasing life expectancy of the modern world, many started believing that the 20s can be considered a throwaway decade of a person’s life. Some young adults think that the decisions they make in their 20s do not matter and will not affect their future. However, according to TED...
A hyperactive child cannot concentrate on one subject for a long time. In other words, every 5-15 minutes, he needs to change the object of interest. That is why such a diagnosis can be objectively diagnosed only by school-age when classes last long and require attention. The child begins to...
Introduction Human nature is a set of various, interconnected and unique aspects of human life and development. A significant number of factors that influenced the formation of man and his historical nature led to a situation in which various theories and judgments arose in order to explain and describe human...
Personality testing is a popular field of psychological testing right now. Hundreds of personality tests are available, each based on a different theoretical perspective and employing a different procedure. Some tests concentrate on the precise measurement of a single construct or variable, whilst others aim to evaluate the personality as...
Introduction: The Misconception In today’s society, one prevalent misunderstanding and misperception about psychiatric disorders is that people with these conditions are violent and unstable. Contrary to many people’s opinions, persons with mental illnesses are not so aggressive, but they do have emotions and feelings just as the rest of society....
Mental health in the Islamic culture is a controversial topic because of the modern perception that psychology and mental health concerns are western constructs. Therefore, some Muslims do not believe in mental health issues and state that they do not apply to them. Other Muslims might state that all they...
Introduction The workplace is one of the places with the highest concentration of stressors. Top stress-generating factors include higher management, rapid changes, tasks that require high skills and competencies, and job insecurity (Lipman, n.d.). I am one of the many working people exposed to these stressors. To protect my mental...
Introduction Divorce is the practice of ending a marriage or a marital union. It typically involves canceling or rearranging lawful responsibilities of marriage, hence disbanding the ties of matrimony among the married people under the rule of law of a particular country or state (Mehrabyan, 2020). The separation laws vary...
What thoughts come to your mind when someone mentions scientists? Probably, you believe that scientists are individuals with several degrees and years of experience in research that allow them to collect data, use evidence, make and test hypotheses, gain understanding, and share knowledge. But what would you tell if you...
This study assesses how various characteristics of sexual abuse affect the development of psychopathy in children. In particular, Adams et al. (2018) investigated the relationship between “onset, duration, and severity of physical and sexual abuse” and “depressive, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms” (p. 1). Based on the findings, the researchers conclude...
Sigmund Freud argued that two motives underlie all our actions: the desire to become a great and sexual attraction. Sex has been a taboo matter for a long time, so any talk about it drew the attention of all people, regardless of gender and age. Freud’s phenomenon is that he...
I learned a great deal about newborn development milestones during the infancy interview. I recently interviewed a woman who gave birth to a healthy baby boy called Brandon. Brinley stated that after delivering, she had an easy time because her kid was being cared for by health care professionals. They...
The primary study goals are to investigate how familial, peer and environmental factors affect children’s adaptation and how they interact with genetic factors. Following the birth of a child, participants were recruited through adoption agencies situated throughout the United States. The following specific frameworks are being collected: child personality, behavioral...
I support the writer’s statement that any child’s very early years are a unique process. Even just one home environment is an incredibly massive world for them, which they semi-consciously seek to know, explore and sometimes even conquer. Watching them is entertaining and confusing because their enthusiasm, interest, and excitement...
The application of corporal discipline has diverse negative influences, including teaching the child to resolve conflicts with physical aggression and causing severe emotional suffering stemming from the fear of new punishment and disappointing the parent. Therefore, condoning corporate punishment, even if it is supposed to improve the child’s social potential...
Bouchard, Gerard, et al. Social Myths and Collective Imaginaries. University of Toronto Press, 2018. In this book, Bouchard et al. explain how myths create collective imaginaries that influence the culture and behavior in the past and modern society. According to the authors, society holds onto religious, political, and social myths...
Demir-Dagdas, Tuba, Zeynep Isik-Ercan, Seyma Intepe-Tingir, and Yasemin CavaTadik. “Parental Divorce and Children from Diverse Backgrounds: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Mental Health, Parent-Child Relationships, and Educational Experiences.” Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, vol. 59, no. 6, 2018, pp. 469-485. The article by Demir-Dagdas et al. addresses the mental health issues that...
Many studies prove that children’s development embraces several steps, such as the biological brain forming where neurons are connected and external experiences kids are absorbed during their growth. Attitudes aiming at cognitive capacity expansion correspond to the division of micro-neurons in the brain that reacts to processes happening outside. All...
Post-traumatic stress disorder in children violates mental activity that develops after an external psychologically traumatic event. Modern society, unfortunately, exposes children to the risk of being psychologically traumatized almost anywhere – it can be a school, a public place, and their own family. Post-traumatic stress disorder due to traumatic events...
Introduction The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Rorschach Inkblot Test are extensively used in psychology to determine the personality of individuals across various fields. The former was developed by Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother, Katherine Cook Briggs (Stein & Swan, 2019). On the other hand, the latter was...
Addiction is a complex process that is going on in the brain often dangerously unnoticed. When an addicted person inhales the smoke, drinks alcohol, or uses other ways to intake the drugs, they do not notice how fast the desire for the new dosage takes control over the limbic system....
Evoking a startling response using classical conditioning in an unsuspecting person can be achieved in a typical setting. In this case, the specific choice scenario is in our hostel room between eight in the evening and midnight, when my roommate typically does his private studies. I will set the alarm...
Definitions of Coaching and Mentoring Mentorship and coaching are terms that are used interchangeably in different professional fields to show the transfer of useful skills from one individual to the other. Various researchers have given the words diverse meanings that are contextually relevant to their investigations. Clutterbuck (2014, p. 11)...
Aggression is considered to be one of the types of interactions between persons that implies threatening of one individual by others. It is known that there is a phenomenon of cumulative increase of aggression if one’s violent actions are complemented with others’ similar conduct (Anderson, 1997). Gender also matters, as...
This essay is a review of Entwistle (2015) and consists of three sections. Chapters eight to eleven are summarized in the first part of this paper, the second part is a commentary on these chapters, and the final section is an overview of how the knowledge can be applied. Chapter...
The article Controlled Burn: The Gendering of Stress and Burn-out in Modern Policing revealed some fascinating study findings. Nevertheless, in my opinion, the manner in which the review paper was presented, particularly the discussion section, was extremely confusing. This is because the study’s goal was to look into gender as...
Introduction There is an increase in clinical trends of using animal companions in aiding therapeutical activities. Numerous articles discuss the applicability and effectiveness of using animal companions during therapy. However, most of these articles do not give a systematic review of experimental evidence regarding the role of companion articles and...
Introduction Scholars have been paying attention to issues related to team-building across cultures for several decades, amassing a considerable body of knowledge on the subject. This literature review will analyze the current state of research on team building across cultures to establish the central scholarship issues (Creswell & Creswell, 2018)....
Introduction Psychology is defined as the study involving the human mind and behavior. Nonetheless, it is also believed that even minor human activities tend to involve complex psychological processing. Personality psychology is one of the psychology branches that tend to study the personality and variations among individuals. It also primarily...
Summary The process of addressing and overcoming trauma is a complex journey that entails time- and effort-consuming therapy and healing. In a research paper presented by Elliott (2010), the author appeals to the phenomenon of forgiveness as one of the most significant spiritual and psychological practices able to liberate people...
Dysfunctional Family Roles Society has a prescribed set of behaviors that all people are expected to portray. Abiding by the expected social norms is considered normal, while deviating from such rules is termed as dysfunctional. A family is a significant pillar in society as it serves as the foundational level...
Introduction Family therapy is any psychotherapeutic attempt that primarily focuses on changing the interactions among family members and seeks to improve the family’s operations as a unit. Family therapy focuses on how patterns of behavior, those that promote well-being and those that are problematic, operate at different levels within the...
Introduction Shopping has become a part of my daily activities because it triggers emotions such as happiness. I love the addiction because the smell of new products significantly impacts my happiness. I frequently shop because it helps reduce negative feelings such as anxiety, stress, and depression. Marketing messages have become...
Clients Diagnosis and Current Problems Antwone Fischer is a film dedicated to Fischer’s psychotherapy and childhood trauma, which activates outbursts of anger and aggression toward colleagues from the Navy in him. It also includes overly mobile personal boundaries of mental health, which specialist professionals do not approve of. From a...
Introduction These days, a number of events can cause traumatic stress to law enforcement and lead to various repercussions. A way of assessing those traumatic events is by reviewing articles such as the one written by Chopko et al. in 2019. Analysis of the article, supported by additional relevant material,...
Marriage and Family Therapy Psychology in the modern world is becoming increasingly popular. This is especially true in the sphere of assistance to families and married couples. This determines the fact that the family is one of the most important and valuable institutions of public life. To get a better...
Abstract The case study presents a family issue that can be improved with adequate therapy. In this case, Roger, a single father, and Jeff, a 13-year-old boy, are unwilling to openly discuss the mother who abandoned her son due to drug abuse, financial problems, and mental health issues. Moreover, the...
Introduction Many theorists have created a society and culture based on human behavior, and there have even been attempts to reproduce their ideas in practice. They are making the world a better place with techniques like these many worried behaviorists in the 20th century. Thank to Skinner’s Walden Two and...
Reducing Anxiety and Breaking Patterns of Avoidance In Chapter 7 of Learning Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, Wright et al. (2006) argue that avoidance is one of the major hindrances to effective management of psychological disorders. The authors observe that a large percentage of the thoughts that people have daily are part of...
Summary This case study assignment will examine and provide a detailed analysis of the case study about Jane, a 54-year-old Black female, who became a victim of a terrifying car accident. The paper will provide such essential characteristics as the critical issues of the diagnostic case study, the suggested assessment,...
Introduction To begin with, acrophobia can be defined as an intense fear of heights experienced by many people in the world. The established system of personal beliefs usually causes this fear and, therefore, may be treated. Moreover, acrophobia may cause anxiety and panic attacks, which is why people should deal...
It is important to note that familial and parental issues majorly impact children’s mental and psychological well-being, with differential effects depending on their age and developmental stage. The given literature review will primarily assess the current and recently available data on the correlational and causational reciprocity of such problems and...
Abstract Career self-assessment is an essential process of determining career choices for young and inexperienced youth. There exists a number of ways for one to determine the best-fit career choice that will tap into their God-given talents and interests. This paper aims to experiment with two different self-assessment tests to...
Matrix Theory Overview Leader Example Similarities/Differences OrganizationalApplication Trait Leaders possess specific inborn qualities. Emergent traits: physical attractiveness and intelligence. Effectiveness traits: self-confidence, persistence, charisma. It does not matter “whether leadership traits were genetic or acquired” (Khan, Nawaz and Khan, 2016, p. 2). The theory is limited because it focuses only...
Behavior is characterized by actions and manners performed by people, animals, systems, and other entities in a compound with their environments or themselves. Besides, it may include activities related to another object and interaction between the actor and the surrounding environment. Various sociological, social, and psychological theories attempt to explain...
Single parenthood has a significant prevalence in the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2020), over 18 million children live in single-parent families. In addition, in more than 15 million of those cases, a mother fulfills the role of a single parent (U.S. Census Bureau, 2020). This data...
Introduction The book Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorders: A Schema Focused Approach is written by Jeffery Young and focuses on the author’s method of helping clients address various personality disorders. Young developed a distinct form of aiding patients who did not respond to other treatment methods, such as traditional Cognitive-Behavioral...
Introduction The book Healing at the Eight Stages of Life is another work that can help ministers advance their counseling practices because it combines theoretical knowledge about the stages of human development with theological values and perspectives. The authors, Matthew Linn, Sheila Fabricant, and Dannis Linn, focus on two themes...
Introduction In Christianity and Developmental Psychopathology, the editors Kelly Flanagan and Sarah Hall combine developmental psychology with a Christian perspective. This book is another example of interdisciplinary work that aims to connect pastoral counseling with psychology and therapy. Psychopathology, in particular, is an interesting field of studies because it relates...
As the age increases, people in the late stage of adulthood may experience a decline in mental health. This is due to the increasing number of stress factors inherent in the later period of life. It is in this connection that it is necessary to consider psychological practices that can...
